Historical process does not allow to come again, also because of such, the human society of associate with " whether to have other possibility " , " whether to have certain history underlying law " etc the problem is discussed for scholars all the time with the controversy. With respect to China character, since Song Dai, changjiang Delta is economic culture all the time most the area that develop, be pregnant with latter-day capitalism is budding. But all the time since banner the China at the west, why to give a capitalist economy without real progress, be in latter-day and comprehensive lag behind at the west, bring about the big billabong that Chinese and Western develops, this has to let person attention, from this and the big billabong that had the academia argues.
Traditional point of view thinks from last centuries since 90 time later period, scholar of a batch of China and foreign countries launched a challenge to traditional point of view early or late, they think the Chinese economy society of period of bright Qing Dynasty grows rate and no less than wests, in Industrial Revolution eve, changjiang Delta economy of China even England of many sided excel, and latter is at that time Western Europe most the country that develop. Look in this batch of scholars, the big billabong of history of Chinese and Western is not the in-house element that develops by the society to bring about, suffer external, accidental element effect morely however.
About big billabong problem, build those who cast press to was held on April 6 " build cast read economy of meeting · Changjiang Delta history the 4th tell " in the activity, inviting California university los angeles to divide history of Normal University of doctor of school calendar historiography, Hua Dong is professor Liu Chang, problem of give a lecture is " big billabong of Changjiang Delta of bright Qing Dynasty and history of Chinese and Western " lecture.
In historical speech " Changjiang Delta Cheng Jing "
Alleged " Changjiang Delta " district concept, general ring too lake catchment, namely area of delta of the Yangtse River. The Changjiang Delta of period of bright Qing Dynasty covers Changjiang Delta 6 government office, namely revive, loose, constant, Hangzhou, fine, lake, adscititious too storehouse city, also say sometimes " 8 government office one city " , be in namely Changjiang Delta adds Zhenjiang, Jiang Ning on the foundation of 6 government office, a bit bigger range covers the Shanghai Ning Hang area of nowadays.
When bright end (1620) Changjiang Delta population has 20 million about; Eve of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.established by Hong Xiuquan during the Taiping Revolution. the largest of pleasant uprisings in China's history, amount of Changjiang Delta population reachs a peak, have 36 million, farmland area has 45 million mus or so, have abundant labor and farmland. Of Changjiang Delta agriculture develop, be in early Sui Tang, already was national barn, song Daishi has " Su Hu is ripe, the world is sufficient " beautiful praise. The cut of the Grant Canal makes south grain north carry is able to come true, supply of goods and materials of national finance income, military affairs all profit from this, tang Dynasty plum respects Fang Youshi: "Southeast 43 cities land, take cream fat is this river " , what say namely is the Grant Canal.
Wu Guanzhong draws the Changjiang Delta of the wording and purpose of what one writes.
Cake of bright generation medium-term lifted " fertilizer revolution " , this is the significant technical progress on agriculture, to the front of Qing Dynasty metaphase gains ground to come. At the same time all-pervading, a year when still have axiomatic end promotion two make make, this raised land utilization rate to mix greatly mu produce. Crop crop rises, cotton from bright end mu produce 80 jins to promote clear medium-term mu produce 100 jins, paddy criterion from bright medium-term mu produce 1.7 stone to promote 2.5 stone. Jin Si of American scholar handkerchief thinks, chinese agriculture is very successful, arrive from Ming Dynasty 20 centuries, chinese population is in constant growth, the area cannot compare any ground on the world this. In 6 centuries, agriculture fed China successfully to increase eightfold population, mu produce also achieved original eightfold, and did not apply to the science and technology of modern industry society.
Before bright generation, china's main fabric is hemp. Yuan end, ecliptic mother-in-law brings back cotton spinning technology from Hainan the Li nationality, then textile of cotton of Changjiang Delta of times of bright Qing Dynasty rises abruptly, hemp is spun gradually the brim is changed. This is " pily revolution " . Moral of Changjiang Delta spin sells the throughout the country, export Japan, southeast Asia, have " the garment wraps around the world " say, song Jiang is to become cotton spinning center more, have " weaving Shang Songjiang " view. Thought Changjiang Delta exports cotton every year in the past 40 million, express according to Liu Chang, a few scholars think to have about actually recently 100 million. And bright later period, light is Song Jiang one ground, crop of its commodity cotton has 20 million, value makes an appointment with silver 3.3 million 2.
As corresponding as this, the economic mode of Changjiang Delta also changes somewhat. In Changjiang Delta, market rate of cotton is 100% , the market rule of paddy is 50% , all average level of outclass whole nation, this means the high commercialization of the agricultural product of Changjiang Delta. As a result of population times add, and farmland grows almost backwater, crop of grain of average per capita is actual and finite, this makes Changjiang Delta of Ming Qingzhi border not only not be barn, still need to import food in great quantities from two lakes and other places instead, with cloth easy silver, with silver-colored easy grain. One part silver is used at pay ground fourth silver, and commissariat besides edible, more ground is the index of water transport food of the imperial court that finish.
Below this kind of mode, changjiang Delta economy is traditional autarky type economy no longer, contact cheek by jowl with the market however. This often also becomes a scholar to discuss Changjiang Delta " capitalism is budding " one of argument. And from 1500 come to took the place of 1900, the small towns amount of Changjiang Delta arrives by 200 growth 974, also be considered as a city to turn the result of development for a time.
Go up in economic production not only, on culture and education Changjiang Delta also has Cheng Jing. Bright Qing Dynasty two Dai Zihong fierce 4 years (1371) head division to Qing Guangxu 30 years (1904) end division, hold final imperial examination in all 201 divisions, division of statement of adscititious and erudite letter, admit a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations in all 51681 people (bright 24866, clear 26815) , changjiang Delta in all a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations of pass an entrance examination 7877 people (bright 3864, clear 4013) , occupy gross 15.24% . And treat of Number One Scholar, bright generation Number One Scholar 89 people, 8 government office have Changjiang Delta 21 people, occupy 1/4 the left and right sides; Clear acting Number One Scholar 112 people, changjiang Delta has 58 people, occupy above of half the number. The Changjiang Delta of period of bright Qing Dynasty, beyond question the area that belongs to our country to most latent capacity strides a capitalist economy.
By exaggerated Changjiang Delta economy: "Have growth, without development "
The prosperity of Changjiang Delta, in China the decline later falls appear very doubtful, its goods economy progress of 559 years did not bring genuine capitalism, capitalism is budding be in forever budding condition. Traditional point of view thinks, although the Song Dynasty is acting since, especially period of bright Qing Dynasty, the economic height of Changjiang Delta develops, chinese economy was immersed in a kind however actually " Gao Shuiping is balanced trap " , what Huang Zongzhi of the person that perhaps be like history says " involute change " .
Below the idea that flourishs in economy, productivity did not produce materiality breakthrough however, although the labor of manual workshop had abecedarian service concern, lack the evidence of industrialized, mechanization however. Reflect go up in the technology, it is to produce technology and dynamical source to still do not have big breakthrough. As a result of such circumstance, china did not enter latter-day industrialized society independently in Ming Qingzhi border. However, is this why?
Liu Chang cites diligent of American scholar Yi but (Mark Elvin) view, thinking China develops since the Song Dynasty is standstill, much energy is used at improving the efficiency of manpower, but actually labour force grows as population and become cheap, this kind rises from this and appear devoid sex price is compared. On the other hand, farmland area looks be like many, change to Qing Dynasty axiomatically very few, in population denser and denser circumstance falls, area of farmland of average per capita decreases ceaselessly actually. Alleged " successful agriculture " , it is a kind of false appearance of Changjiang Delta agriculture actually, it does not have future, it is not to pass the technology that goes up at all to reform will achieve agricultural breakthrough, the characteristic that passes ceaseless aggrandizement intensive cultivation however and ceaseless and devoted labour force will achieve the growth of simple yield.
Huang Zongzhi distinguished 3 kinds of agriculture mode: Change thick and fast (Intensification) , change involute or too closely (Involution) , development (Development) . Among them, change thick and fast point to investment and yield present linear relation, yielding increase rate is certain; Change involute or too closely, show ceaseless investment can increase yield, but growth rate is decelerated ceaselessly, land limit productivity drops, final and infinite adjacent at 0; Develop, point to investment and yield present exponential growth, increase rate itself is rising. Changjiang Delta agriculture is actual be a kind involute agriculture, sacrificial limit benefit brings its develop. The labour force of expenditure increases, income increases, but income and defray do not become direct ratio. In farmer family, labour force is thrown ceaselessly, expand from man of prime of life old young Fu child, will consume without more the rest, this is mere can contented live the goods economy of demand, and rather than seeks profit.
And in textile, as a result of labour force cheap, the net income of cotton spinning is maintained actually in inferior level, person of the spinning when 18 centuries income of a day only enough grain ration of a day, to the family, the domestic handicraft industry that must turn cotton spinning into commercialization will complement the income that grows line of business is insufficient. In smallholder pay after tax, odd, accumulate very few, do not make effective consumptive ability actually so, cannot pull naturally move real capitalist economy progress. Measure capitalism to grow rate, the consumption that is luxury is occupied than. Eve of the Opium War, luxury consumption exceeds China far in Europe. And the goods economy of Changjiang Delta has not grow in eve of the Opium War for the capitalist economy, trade on the market right now give priority to with the necessaries of life as before, luxury consumption is very few.
Go up with respect to agricultural relations of production, changjiang Delta farmer is in the majority with renter, but hire for a long time kind make its have field surface right, namely land perpetuity, power of this farm range still can trade, make the thing that the landlord cannot strip easily. As time passes, landlord and renter each other are not acquainted, of the landlord processing about its real estate, renter hand in hire, all hand in manage by the intermediary that hire a station, its are direct in rental flow the charge such as consign ground fourth silver. The agriculture of Changjiang Delta reflects the bilateral concern that is landlord and renter simply no longer. And the existence that field surface counterpoises, make resemble England " the motion that encircle the ground " same, happen below such condition hard, land is centered hard in order to build modern plant, this also block up the capitalism development in Changjiang Delta. Changjiang Delta of prep let alone is serious the industrial structure of disequilibrium, the development of light industry transcends heavy industry greatly, heavy industry exists scarcely, this kind " exceed light structure " the serious flaw that also is Changjiang Delta economy.
Express according to Liu Chang, coetaneous England, population gross although under Changjiang Delta, but no matter plough area of ground area, farmland of average per capita, average per capita mu produce, labor productivity all excel Changjiang Delta. For instance farm dimensions, of England control in 100-150 acre, of Changjiang Delta control in 0.92-1.58 acre, former the hundredfold that is latter almost, and 16.7 times labor productivity is latter. From the point of GDP of average per capita, before latter-day China far under Euramerican country, and difference expands ceaselessly. According to Mai Disen (Angus Madison) data, GDP of Chinese average per capita had 40% what make an appointment with England only 1600, 20% what was less than England 1820, was 1840 16% . Of Changjiang Delta prosperous, have some of strong in appearance but weak in reality quite actually.
Of California school agonistic see newly
Go up century after 90 time, appeared a lot of challenger to traditional point of view, have most representative is California school. Be said according to Liu Chang, california school reviewed the academic theory of western center creed and method from the height that studies Fan Shi, emphasize replacing single track talking with historical pluralism; Its emphasize the importance of world economic system, and this system is not Europe to be built at first and drive; Pay attention to study quite and two-way quite, chinese and Western consults each other, and in the limits history of Chinese park world, dug the connection of its and the outer world... this a series of it is California school the creative idea on big billabong problem.
The Frank of a scholar of this school is in its " silver capital: The east in taking economic globalization seriously " in challenged western center to talk, think European rise basically is through exploiting America obtains America silver in great quantities, primitive accumulation of the capital that finish, score huge gain through intervening Oriental economy comes next. Although have,owe rigorous place a bit, but expressed what talk to western center clearly however to think over. Mu Lan of another scholar Peng thinks, the coal that European place has, colony makes his OK overcome zoology to restrict, achieve the constant growth of population. If not be both,have both, europe can not realize pair of east probably surmount.
And besides, many scholar also offerred the view about big billabong problem from each angle. 1976, british historian Bulunna (Robert Bernner) put forward, specific population and income of commercial change influence allocate and economy grows the means of long-term trend and degree are by the class the structure of relation and class influence is decided. Should understand adequately mediaeval terminal the economic progress with latter-day and inchoate long period of time, grow or go backwards, must analyse specific class structure, especially the process of specific belongings and the opposite self-discipline that extort relation is able to establish surplus value, the class that produces from this especially conflicts. The research in the past is centered in productivity more, compare oversight to relations of production.
Douglas · Nuo this (North&R.P.Tomas) in its 1973 " of western world arisen " what the country emphasizes in one book is attendant. Look in him, western world made effective property right protection clearly by the country, incentive people centers its economy in specific economic activity hard, businesslike economic organization form is the key that economy grows. Because not be all countries,can making such system, just development viatic differs.
About the development problem of Changjiang Delta, european center school emphasizes internal cause, world system school emphasizes external cause. Latter thinks core area scores gain of high specified number through exploiting brim area comes, exchange raw material with finished product, be able to develop from this. Dan Liuchang points out, although exterior factor is main, its logic origin is internal cause as before, because be in-house element,make Europe turns core into the area. Substantially, latter still does not confuse the core issue of former research.
Be in contemporary, ceaselessly new theory comes out, disentomb new point of view, if concern from structure of family of Chinese and Western, marriage, division of drive of spirit of authority of Confucianism, state, religion, war, state and politics are made judge... active thought is being swarmed into ceaselessly come in this topic, consider be being unscrambled newly. The history already went already, not changeable, but the research to the history is the prospective situation that faces a possibility however, the controversy of big perhaps billabong won't have the result from beginning to end, but it is important to ours to still cannot deny its meaning.
