It is in history of more than 2000 years of absolutism of Chinese, the system of prefectures and counties is a kind of main local administration system of organization, "Of county county make, hang down 2000 and not can change " . After Qin Shi emperor unifies the world, the system of prefectures and counties makes a kind of of China common system. However, this kind of system however traceable 3 advance, the system of prefectures and counties of 3 advance results from on party. " left pass · sad fair 2 years " account:
Autumn in August, qi Ren is defeated by millet of model family name, zheng Ziyao, child kind those who send. Person auspicious is shot go against, of Zhao Yang drive, encounter Yu Qi. Oath of Jian Zi of · of · of · of · · · says: "Gram enemy person, the doctor suffers a county on, next doctors suffer county. Next doctors suffer county..
Year later period, as war of annex of contend for hegemony frequent, dr Jin Guoqing is in their feudal carry out a county to make. To age last years of a dynasty or reign, advance country appeared again the organization of county. Afore-mentioned account, it is literal historical materials in " county county " appear the earliest account.
Hair of the system of prefectures and counties results from on party area, this is not strange. On party namely today's Shanxi governor orders city, be located in Shanxi to visit southeast department. Liu Xi of the Eastern Han Dynasty " commentate renown · commentate city state " in say: "Go up party, party place also. On hill, its place is highest, friend says on party also. " peaceful of Tang Dynasty plum " is draw together topographic " say: ? Fly constant of of burnt of carbylamine of of Lu of さ Piao tries reed department field! ?
" draw together is topographic "
Look from situation, go up ministry of the eastpart part of party area, southeast is too travel mountain range, southwest ministry is king house hill, medium a hill, it is west too Yue Shan arteries and veins. Accordingly, clear generation " Jia Qing writes unify will again " the cloud: "Go up party the solid of 4 a place of strategic importance, take east 3 close, according to backbone of the world shoulder, when pharynx and larynx of river new moon, ancon Beijing the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces and walk on Pu Jin, lean on Taiyuan and step river the first day of the lunar month, too travel overlook its face, and the door enjoys its back. " landform is such strategic place, the system of prefectures and counties is formed the earliest in such place no wonder also, after all of county county make be a kind of military affairs management at first build place.
Go up the county setting county of party area, with Jin Guojie body is having affinity. BC 514 years, jin Liuqing undertook be dividinged up for the first time to advance country. BC 498 years, jin Guozhi, the Kingdom of Wei, Han, Zhao destroys model family name, medium after travel family name, undertook the 2nd times dividing up to advance country, advance country exist in name only. BC 453 years, zhao, the Kingdom of Wei, Han San destroys below Yu Jinyang city of everybody a group of things with common features wisdom family name, undertook be dividinged up for the last time to advance country, history say " 3 cent advance " .
Initial stage of the Warring States, after the Three Kingdoms of Zhao, the Kingdom of Wei, Han divides up advance country, although brief keep peace, but after all because of territorial dispute, happened for many times to contend for battle. In area of the party on strategic area, the the Three Kingdoms all set county to treat. According to today's geographical concept for, times of the Warring States, of Zhao Guo on competence of Dang Jun radical has Shanxi and company of suitable, Yu with south, crock closes with north, to the south of ooze county, cornstalk, too travel hill with on the west area; Han place sets on Dang Jun has Shanxi ooze source, An Ze and area of ooze water and other places; Of Wei Guo on Dang Jun has Gao Ping, hill plain and area of Jincheng and other places.
3 divide advance
The world of the Warring States, korea is had on party area western, zhao Guozhan has on ministry of party area northwest, wei Guozhan has on ministry of party area southeast. Party area is Dan of Zhao Dou Han on west, korea in, the defence camp with solid direction of Wei Guoxi north. Later period of the Warring States, be opposite as Qin Guo east of Shanhaiguan the progress of the offensive of all countries, on party area becomes Qin Guoyu naturally also 3 advance are intense the abuttals of contention.
BC 262 years, qin Guowu installs the attack and seize since Jun Bai the wild Wang Yi of Korea (today's Henan ooze is in relief) , go up so the east of party area and south expose completely before Qin Jun. The party can say to 3 advance on is decide life and death lives or die, "The Qin Dynasty gets An Yi, of Qi Yian of be apt to, also need impunity. The Qin Dynasty has An Yi, criterion Han, Wei Bi is clinking Dang Zai. Criterion Han, Wei Bi is clinking Dang Zai..
Wild queen of attack and seize, qinguo severed the connection of area of the party on Han, Wei Yu, "The Qin Dynasty uses up the party on Han, Wei Zhi, be belonged to with national capital state and take along person 700 lis " , the circumstance is assuming progress according to Qin Guo's strategy it seems that, the first pace holds An Yi, the 2nd pace is occupational the party on Han Wei, the 3rd pace takes Taiyuan according to northwest of the party on Han Wei, the Dan that attack Han falls east. If 3 advance are decided, the world of Qin Guoyi all can be blocked with respect to nobody.
Bai Qi
But, after Korea loses wild Wang Yi, in view of Korea on Dang Jun has been become stay alone at the land of one province or county enlosed by that of another outside, its and the road with native land Korea are broken off. For the relation of close and Qin Guo, korea sends Yang Chengjun to arrive country of the Qin Dynasty offer an apology, cut on the ground of the party is asked and. Party of above of Han king purpose exchanges Qin Guo to abandon attacking Korea temporarily, but of Korea on Dang Jun Shou Fengting gave Zhao Guo the party on Han however.
This one action of Feng Ting actually very fierce, the spearhead that his purpose is a Qin Guo is brought to Zhao Guo, make Han Zhao fight the Qin Dynasty jointly at the same time. It is right that Zhao Guojie is entered 3 advance are best choice, because only Zhaoguo has actual strength and Qin Kangheng in 3 advance; Party area also has control to be in 3 advance hand only on, 3 advance ability is absolved by the destiny with ruined the Qin Dynasty; Zhao Guo accepts the party on Han, there is one fight surely between Qin Zhaozhi, no matter victory or defeat, zhao Guoguo force can be weakened certainly, zhao Guo won't is opposite Han Wei, especially Korea constitutes menace.
Zhao Guo takes over the Dang Jun on Korea, leave the country that get another name for Shaanxi province bate, qin Zhao assists Wang Xia makes, arms of the hair on the horse attacks Zhao. Times of the Warring States, two countries of Zhao of the Qin Dynasty is the most miserable of intense grow smooth battle to pull open heavy curtain at this point. Actually, to Korea go up the ground of the party, somebody objects taking over Zhao country ministry, leopard of Ping Yangjun Zhao objects getting the person of the ground stoutly namely, he becomes Wang Shui to Zhao filial piety: "Ground of nibble of husband the Qin Dynasty Han, do not make be interlinked absolutely in, solid flatter oneself sits and suffer on the ground of the party also. The person that Han does not enter Yu Qin so, be about to marry its disaster at Zhao Ye. " Zhao Bao sees Korea attempts to pull Zhao Guo to enter the water, bring disaster water to Zhao Guo's plot, qin Jiang Zhao is weak, zhao Guo reaves what already became the matter in Qin Guonang to go up party, affirm impossible whole body and retreat.
King of assist of clear of the Qin Dynasty
But, the Zhao Wang of the benefit of covet territory does not have the opinion that hears Zhao Bao. Making Zhao Wang accept the person of the ground of the party on Han finally is famous Campagna Jun Zhaosheng, in minister change " history write down " in, campagna gentleman made stupid mistake on this problem, "Campagna gentleman, the beautiful childe of elegant chaotic times also, did not see general interest like that. Low words says ' be blinded by lust for money ' , campagna gentleman has an insatiable desire for Feng booth fallacy, make Zhao defect grows Ping Bing four numerous, han Dan a few die. Han Dan a few die..
The result of smooth battle grows on the history, common people all knows, zhao Guo disastrous defeat, four fall soldier is reduced Bai Qi cheat by the Qin Dynasty, solid it is miserable intense to come extremely! In fact, with at that time Zhao country actual strength, have one with Qin Guoshang relatively the possibility of relative superiority or inferiority. In king of Zhao Wu Ling Hu Fuqi shoots a military affairs after reform, actual strength soars, e of 270 years returns BC in battle to it ever defeat utterly Qin Jun, "Of the world person, close from get together at Zhao, and be about to attack the Qin Dynasty " .
Although although national power of Zhao Guo whole inferiors slightly at Qin Guo, if martial deploy is proper, who will win still difficult anticipate. The person also thinks Qin Guore was not controlled at that time on party and rushed attack Zhao, the risk is extremely high. But, zhao Wang is indecisive however on this strategy question, the action is sluggish. After the ground that accepts the party on Korea, do not have the determination with decisive battle of the Qin Dynasty and preparation however, going up actually party deploy a large number of forces, the advantageous landform of upland of the party on control, make the preparation of comprehensive decisive battle. Result, the Qin Dynasty king Zuo rate army attacks Korea, go up very quickly with respect to capturing Korea party. To Zhao Guo, the party is on get and answer break, the situation is immersed in adverse, suffer the ground to make an absurd farce.
Campagna gentleman
After the party was lost on, this ability is growing Zhao Guo smooth (today Shan Gaoping northwest) garrison place troops on garrison duty, the town is stroked escape on the people of the party. After king Zuo takes a party, did not suspend martial operation, continue to attack Zhao Guo. So passive, abrupt of this ability storehouse constitutes Zhao Wang the office that cheap takes over command quite.
Cheap is a famous general quite, but not be Ares, after taking over, also be to meet with repeatedly two lost battle. To live firmly war situation, cheap is obliged to adopt the strategy that hide supplies to prevent the enemy from seizing them does not give quite, cause Zhao Wang again however duty let, bring about finally blast before Yi Shuai, zhao draw together is more brash the Shuai Yin that accept a control, get the tragedy that be completely annihilated finally.
Zhao army commander is smooth complete collapse, of at the last gasp blast before Yi Shuaicheng is impolitic, advocate of ignorance of corrupt result of handsome Zhao draw together " be an armchair strategist " figure, also from now on implant popular feeling, make historical mockery. But, in fact, right at that time Zhao draw together, besides active decisive battle, had done not have the 2nd road to be able to choose it seems that. "Zhao Mo in order to feed, ask Su Yuqi, and do not listen together " , it is afterwards hard because of commissariat just about, just make the cheap that Zhao Wang changes next views to stand fast quite, used the Zhao draw together that is eager to battle.
Qin Guode knows Zhao Guo to change handsome, also changed king Zuo with Wu Anjun Bai Qi instantly, take up the post of the command that attack Zhao. Zhao draw together arrives long smooth army before, launch total attack immediately, be immersed in Bai Qi to break up surrounded decoy however. Zhao country sergeant run out of rice and fuel more than 40 days, break out of an encirclement of purpose of Zhao draw together, lead picked hit out wrestle battle, but be shot to kill by Qin Jun however, zhao Jun's four people surrender Qin Jun, be killed finally by Bai Qi hole however. The war with the greatest dimensions of period of the Warring States, drew full stop with the means of extremely cruel.
Grow smooth battle
Actually, force Zhao Guo of hopeless situation is not Bai Qi, also not be Zhao draw together, however him Zhao Wang. At first, cheap quite skirmish suffers a defeat, with king Zuo army after a few months of be locked in a stalemate, zhao Guo can'ts bear bear. Zhao Wang turns actually and illusion and Qinguo make peace, expedite noble Zheng Zhu Ruqin, purpose and make peace of Qin Guo armistice.
To Zhao Guo, at that time already with country of the Qin Dynasty battle, make peace is absolutely impossible thing. If form an alliance with the Kingdom of Wei, Hunan, build Zhao, the Kingdom of Wei, Hunan to vertical,close in order to fight the strategy of the Qin Dynasty, still have the possibility that forces Qin Jun to pull out. But, zhaoguo sends a person to enter the Qin Dynasty, this abandoned helping Zhao Guo's opinion with respect to country allowing a surname, Hunan country, "Hunan, the Kingdom of Wei weds with Zhao Wei, do not save surely king. Qin Zhi the world is not saved king, wed cannot get also. " Zhao Guo is immersed in isolated, it is reason in.
Grow smooth battle, although be Zhao Guo disastrous defeat, but to Qin Guo character, also be excessive really consume national power, military casualties is not small also. Long those who make the same score is afterwar, go up the Qin Dynasty of enemy of party area people, administer very hard. Then, qin Guo is temporary area of the party on evacuate, 3 advance are had severally again on party area. Till BC 259 years, "Qin Fu is decided on Dang Jun " .
BC 258 years, the Qin Dynasty king Zuo rate army assaults Han Dan. BC 257 years, the Kingdom of Wei of Mr Wei Xinling fizzles out without avoid, Mr Chu Chunshen rest save Zhao. In Zhao Guo and allied forces of Hunan of the Kingdom of Wei surround under, the Qin Dynasty falls Zheng Anping Zhao. Then, the Three Kingdoms of the Kingdom of Wei, Hunan, Han is in again river east defeat utterly Qin Jun, wei Shou answers a river east, han calls in on party, river of go back of army of the Qin Dynasty on the west. BC 254 years, river of Qin Xiang the Kingdom of Wei east counterattack, the ground east uses up Wei Zaihe by Qin Jun attack and seize.
Grow smooth battle skeleton hole
BC 247 years, qin Jun captures of Wei Guo tall; BC 246 years, the Qin Dynasty razzias entirely again of Han on Dang Jun, calm down advance is in relief, rebuild Taiyuan county; BC 239 years, qin Pachang installs what Jun Cheng Xi attacks Zhao Guo to go up party, but betray stays to fall in collect into Xi Zhao Guo. BC 236 years, the E of country of Zhao of attack and seize of the Qin Dynasty and (mix today suitable) , is in relief (today Zun Quan) . So far of 3 advance on party area is held basically for country of the Qin Dynasty.
BC 230 years, qin Guo destroys Han; BC 229 years, the Qin Dynasty sends the Dang Bing on rate of general king Jian, issue well Xing continuously; BC 228 years, qin Gong defeats Dan of Zhao Dou Han, BC 225 years, the Qin Dynasty dies the Kingdom of Wei. Decide 3 advance slightly, distance annex the world already not far.
Qin Guo is final after unify the whole country, still set on Dang Jun, list 36 county in. Han Chengqin is made, dynasty of the Western Han Dynasty is in on the party still sets one county, next administer 14 counties, subject and ministry of state feudal provincial or prefectural governor. Its district limits is paid greatly today cornstalk, crock closes for the center, with company of suitable, Yu two counties with south, too travel hill with on the west, of ooze current region east, jincheng with north.
Grow smooth battle
Go up Dang Jun's situation is very special, have east too travel hill cuts off, it is quite difficult to bring about the contact with ministry of feudal provincial or prefectural governor of state of look forward to; South, southwest has too travel hill, Wang Wu hill, formed the barrier that interacts with county of county of adjacent of posture of department of department be subordinate to; In having on the west hill cuts off, with the come-and-go austral advance also not expedite; Because north has too travel, too Yue Zhu peak, so the association with the area in advance also is difficult and heavy. Here relief high and steep, perilous peak rise steeply, be just as fort general, fu faces Heibei, Henan. Churchyard country consult highs, absolutely big pool deep block, it is a relatively independent region system.
The mountain pass that Dang Jun's inside and outside makes a gorge between main backer on with Guan Xiuyi, these traffic a narrow passage providing the only means of access to a certain place are long and narrow and labyrinthian, commanding, have can depend on nearly, benefit is entered at go out and be being gone against attack, go up oneself party to all around any direction go out close attack sweep past make a long drive falls continuously, the situation of operate from a strategically advantageous position, and by exterior into attack belong to admire attack, meet with easily stem.
Since be strategic area, so on party area is on in the future history, still be the ground that military strategist in ancient China contends for surely necessarily, of contend for hegemony of countless a fierce and powerful person brave big play still can perform · of · of · of · · · here
