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From the point of American experience, take engine Gai Weiquan is us probably to need the road of classics.
01
A day of 1979, because produced collision with other, dasher sends the Pasate that the pedagogic Rosemary Shahan that lives in California Santiago is damaged his to agency office of place to repair. Photograph of agency smiling face is greeted, promise rapid and fast rehabilitate.
However after 3 months, the poetry teacher of gentle and weak discovers her car still did not get repair, agency did not book the part that repair place needs even. And when giving other gate inn to repair the car when Shahan requirement, the expression with overbearing agency refuse.
The job became simple rehabilitate to be as long as then the street of 5 months parades thought fors the time being: Shahan is lifting brand parade to protest before agency door; And the machinist of agency is big to her growl cries, with the imagination medium gun shoots to her; The police is called up to undertake breaking up by agency activity, but after knowing truth, after laughing to tell her not to abandon, leave.
(Rosemary Shahan)
Surrounding people of view to give Shahan aside bigger sympathize with, the clearance that protests in latter is recounting him to be in to her of vehicle repair respect " horrible story " .
02
Road of people sympathize with and support was mirrorred greatly a cruelty of American car market is actual at that time -- the safety that improves a technology to raise a car at spending big price relatively and quality, the car manufacturer of Detroit people the rapid change that cares profit and market taste more. To cater to the market, car manufacturer people vogue, rate is sought on the design, and cast security aside.
Ralph Nader of personage of authority of famous consumption dimension (this fair Cengyi independence participates person portion, 4 degrees enter presidential election, all disastrous defeat) in article of its famous series of Wei Quanwen chapter " the safe car that cannot buy " in straight from the shoulder point out:
Very apparent, detroit (manufacturer) what go after when designing a car is vogue, cost, function and computation are good discard as useless period, is not safe -- although have traffic accident every year 5 million cases, because traffic accident dies,have 40 thousand person, 110 thousand person is lifelong deformity, 1.5 million person is injured.
(" the safe car that cannot buy " )
Quality not does beautiful cause human life accident? Never mind, give powerful law division is good. Employ of each big Motor Corporation numerous lawyer, handle customer technically the lawsuit about problem of mass of vehicle. Master professional knowledge and the car manufacturer that have abundant financial capacity, by every means him shirk responsibility.
Average consumer because energy and financial resources are limited, although engage in a lawsuit to also cannot get reasonable compensation,bought problem car.
This kind of vicious circle is brought about blemish car emerges in endlessly in the market at that time, and car manufacturer pays no attention to this.
The fuel system blemish of Ford Pinto is the typical delegate of vicious circle: As introduction car, pinto has the drawback of a mortality: When the end that be like a car is bumped, gasoline tank cheers a neck to may disconnect and insert gasoline tank inside, make fuel sprays then fire accident is caused inside the car.
(Ford Pinto)
And the existence that limitation knows when Ford company is produced in the quantity, can raise cost because of settlement method however and abandon: The security of perfect fuel system can add every car the cost of 11 dollars, and increase let gasoline tank avoid defend at cracked mat more want 1 dollar only.
03
These problem cars also had uniform code name -- " citric car " .
"Citric car " Berkeley of university of award gainer, California divides out Nobel economics school George A. Akerlof teachs (you are familiar with his madam more probably: Before beautiful couplet store chairman Ye human relations) the paper 1970 " citric market: The uncertainty that changes character and market mechanism " .
(George A. Akerlof couple)
In the beginning of this is released ever by all sorts of authoritative magazines for many times refus stalks of grain, connect an author in the implied meaning that all but loses confidence, professor Akerlof talked a simple and deep sense: Below the circumstance of information asymmetry, the market is exchanged finally, it is resource fault matchs not just probably, can make even the market even did not have.
And what discuss in author focal point is secondhand in car market, sweet cherry and honey peach use allegorical car besides admirable two handcart, acerb lemon comes allegorical state not the two handcart commodity of beautiful.
The research of Akerlof points out: The bargainor is shoddy, although buyer does not know the real quality of two handcart, the price waits in be willing to give out with average quality however, such, the good car that the price waits for in prep above can exit the market, it is medium then good car, deductive end product is: The market is full of citric car everywhere, a car cannot clinch a deal, make the exhibition of tattered car finally, the market breaks down.
After the article is released, "Citric car " notional limits also begins escalate, from the problem two handcart expand to any new cars that have a problem.
This theory forecasted successfully in law relief method is short of the confused state that loses car of the United States below the state to sell the market: American consumer begins finally to poll with the foot, beginning to change quality to the day with lower oil of better, bad news is a car, detroit builds a car the deficit that 3 tycoons are immersed in a huge sum.
04
The Department of Commerce of downfallen and press United States of American homebred car must not be absent 1975 those who made federal layer form " citric law " -- " Magenusen - Mo Si guarantees law " (Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act) , and fall in the guidance of this law, administrative division of division of health Nie surname adopted form of layer of the first city " citric law " .
Although the legislation of each city is put in difference of sex of a few detail, but " citric law " decided the specific time that buys in new car basically inside (with California lemon the law is exemple, deadline is 18 months or 18, 000 miles, inspect He Zhexian to expire for preferential) , if produce specific situation (any can) , criterion car buyer can ask the manufacturer is termless refund or change to be tasted newly, do not refuse so that have:
Cento of example of California citric law:
The flaw of the product will let the generation when the car is being driven deadly or those who send is likely, and consumer is in at least after this problem gives redound former plant or agency, the maintenance that passes above twice still when inextricability problem;
The flaw of the product does not have deadly risk, but consumer is in at least after this problem gives redound former plant or agency, the maintenance that passes above 4 times still when inextricability problem;
The product protects in citric law during, when because answer plant maintenance to cause the day that cannot use normally,several exceed 30 man-day, be able to applicable and citric law.
In dimension authority respect, citric law also gives consumer huge advantage: Want to accord with the condition of citric law only, user need not go up court, want to send the consumer of each city subordinate association the vehicle repair receipt of all previous only, can transfer according to the requirement or refund, and need not cost time and cost; Consumer still can pass arbitral mediation, if the arbitration loses a lawsuit, still can go up the court is sued.
And in actual legal precedent, relevant compensation is far more than change new car or repair car are so simple.
The car of North America BMW 1990 accuses dagger Er case is among them classic case: The doctor Gore of the Alabama discovers, because the new BMW car that he buys is damaged by acid rain in carriage link, take in him in one's hand before already by local and new spray paint, but BMW 4S inn did not tell this truth, gore is right BMW to lodge a complaint. And at that time, BMW has been in the United States similar car makes an appointment with each district work off 1000.
And final, the court decision of Alabama court is the compensation of 4000 dollars and the compensation of 4 million dollar as a result. The basis that a huge sum compensates for is: Of 4000 dollars repair charge to multiply what have this case likewise with 1000 already the BMW car of work off (add 2 million dollar finally after BMW appeals for 4000 dollars) .
The birth of citric law pledges to ignored product the North America car of the quantity produced business to cause huge impact: It is with carrying out the new York city of citric law 1983 exemple, up to 1990, 12 cars manufacturer already to buy its this city car of new car advocate refund 100 million dollar, 3 big companies of contemporaneity United States amount to 1 billion dollar in countrywide refund.
And manage because of inventing overall quality and in Japanese reputation far raise (the top award that makes day essence measure management with the Deming reward that he names) be in the United States however the William Edwards Deming that native land suffering does a cold reception (Edward Ci Daiming) the professor is carried out in citric law, be gotten on please the Detroit estrade that the United States learns from motor-car project, tuitional car look forward to how overall quality runs ability.
Return the leading role Rosemary Shahan that the article begins: After the seesaw battle that experiences 5 months, its counterpoise finally in forensic dimension successful.
But this dimension authority moves is far-reaching to her influence: Because protesting to more voice are heard in the process, shahan begins to change his life centre of gravity to consumer dimension authority stage by stage. Drive in hers below, california becomes one of states that pass citric law the earliest.
And she herself founded car dependability and security consumer society (Consumers For Auto Reliability And Safety, CARS) , continue to promote the legislative activity of car security aspect duratively, those who drove safe gasbag to go up in completely beautiful car gain ground.
Full text is over.
Acknowledgment is read patiently, ask conveniently bit " looking "
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