1. closes a key point, those who come to say to go is interstellar pass through
On Feburary 11, 2016, before two days, it is namely at the beginning of our good year 4, american researcher announces, they use laser to interfere gravitation wave observatory, english abbreviation LIGO, will explore gravitation wave first in September last year. On the news briefing, many physicist are this excited weep. The friend circle that believes a lot of a lot of people also is a boiling, was given to shake by this gravitation wave, a lot of media also are in go around spreading the news this information that allows complete mankind hearten. So, after all what is gravitation wave? What does its discovery mean? Understand to let follow much friend to make this issue, read to go to work the first day in New Year on our road, brought cosmic science trilogy for everybody: " black hole and time bend " , presumable friend has known, the author of this book is the film " interstellar pass through " science is advisory; Additionally one, " cosmic string " , later you listen then, still have " time brief history " , had broadcasted before our program, you are searching casing retrieval to be able to listen.
Good, beginning to talk about this " black hole and time bend " before, we first for science fiction story: The leading role of the story is you and your group. You have a big airship, oneself become a captain, carrying the computer, robot and hundreds of crews that are your follow sb's lead, go poking a black hole to distant and interstellar space, answer the experience of the voyage with electric wave hair the earth. Yuan Hang 6 years, your boat is close to a black hole near Vega in decelerate, it cries " Tartarean " , the closest from the earth.
You take binoculars to examine that black hole carefully, it has absolutely and trenchant edge, namely the surface of the black hole, " escape to be not taken off " place. In the object of its exterior above, if have enough power, can escape the evil hands of gravitation: The rocket will suffer gravitation effect no longer and fly from; Blast off enoughly up fast particle can run away; Light also can run away of course. But if just be under the surface, it is rocket, particle, light, radiate no matter so other perhaps pron any thing, expend much great strength no matter, escape impossibly gravitation that merciless evil hands, can never arrive at the airship that you rotate. Then, the surface of the black hole resembles our horizon, you cannot see the thing below it, why do this call this surface namely " the horizon of the black hole " . We and call it " eyeshot " , of the line of sight inspect, the bound of bounds. Everybody, next if the problem is met very burn a brain, you can at the moment is drawn in brain " circle " we mention indicative at the moment " eyeshot " .
As to the size of eyeshot, the physics law that broad sense the theory of relativity describes thinks, black hole quality is greater, its eyeshot also is jumped over certainly big. Actually, eyeshot circumference is the black hole quality that is an unit with sun quality necessarily multiply with 18.5 kilometer, measure from airship orbit circumference for example, you are informed a black hole to have 10 suns so heavy, because this eyeshot circumference is 185 kilometers for certain, he Luosha Ji is about the same big.
Compare with the airship orbit photograph of your 1 million kilometer, the circumference of eyeshot is too small really, the quality that is squeezed into a such little spaces has 10 suns however so big! If the black hole is of solid, so crowded in so little space, its average density will be every cubic metre centimeter 200 million tons, but the black hole is not solid, broad sense the theory of relativity thinks, the material of celestial or heavenly body of 10 suns is shrinking through collapse a long time ago form a black hole, after was just like a balloon to defeat, collapse shrinks condition, the center that gathers in the black hole now -- in the little space that gathers in to be called strange place. Make an appointment with 10-33 centimeter all round the strange place of size, beyond the radiate that besides the rare gas that falling to it gentle style gives out, whats are done not have. Arrive from strange place eyeshot is empty almost, arrive from eyeshot your airship, also be empty almost.
"Is eyeshot apart from strange place much further? " you ask yourself, because strange place is very little, as it happens is in black hole center, arrive from strange place so the distance of eyeshot, should be equal to the radius of eyeshot. But the huge attraction of the black hole, thoroughly screwy the geometry of black hole interior and the dimensional time around, the circumference that the radius of eyeshot is not equal to it is divided with 2 π , is the computational formula that everybody still retains round circumference radius multiply with 2 by with circumferential rate π ? Broad sense the theory of relativity thinks, around strange place, the interior of the black hole should be muddleheaded, the space is OK around strange place the extreme is curly, such, muddleheaded area may be in the radius that inadequacy has millions of kilometers below 1 centimeter circumference, imagine, a circumference has 1 centimeter circle only, of the small fingernail size that is like a person, radius is as long as however millions of kilometre, is this spatio-temporal quite messy?
Later, you left this " Tartarean " , was far from a black hole, be in interstellar a boat linage 10 years, you want to look for a place how to be resided eventually, come near a new black hole then, this black hole is located in Orion.
Through the experiment of a few weeks, telescopic observation, still anguish struggles, you begin to build future now. From distant planetary fetch material, in build all round the black hole case cricoid " crossbeam project " , 10 thousand kilometers of circumference 50O, thick 3.4 kilometers, kilometer of wide 4 000. The rate that it rotates is proper, such, from the black hole gravitation that mental efforts as it happens can offset crossbeam annulus center gets. The size of annulus also is careful advised, the person that likes an earth gravity can be mixed inside in annulus outside construction home, like the person with a bit lighter gravity to be able to live around the center. The difference of gravitation, the part comes from the centrifugal force of rotating ring, the tide force that comes from a black hole partly -- if using Einstein, say namely " spatio-temporal curvature " .
For this cricoid world offers light and hot power source to come from a black hole: This black hole has 45 suns quality, of quality 20% with energy form, store up of the tornado type of the space around eyeshot vortical in. That is radiant of sun lifetime place 10000 times of light and heat! Because be outside eyeshot, that can be extracted. Although cricoid world can use the energy of 50% only, the energy that still also compares the sun is supplied 5000 times bigger.
But, you do not like here, you yearn for the earth and tellurian friend, they are certain already a lot of goner 100000000, according to the special relativity law of Einstein, the time that high-speed airship can make airship is measured expands; This kind of time expands to make on the effect airship became machine of a time, let you take the future with distant earth in brief time. You want to be in really of your life the young times that if the poem is picturesque,returns finally, although this very adventure, perhaps won't have a result, but you still want to try.
Moving toward future is very easy, the black hole that experiences like you sails; Return the past to be done not have however so simple. Nevertheless, physicist ever guessed, the space of a kind of hypothesis that passes hole calling bug is curly, the time that perhaps can return the past in order to come true travels. This kind of space is curly by two the entrance is formed, namely bug mouth of a cave, do not have the black hole of eyeshot like two, can depart in the universe very far, the thing that goes in from door of a hole can discover a very brief passage, be just like the larynx of bug hole, lead to another mouth of a cave. This passageway is in super- the space is outspread, do not cross normal space, cannot see it from our universe so. Such bug hole is a space not only curly, also be the result with curly time. Physicist believes, should put in the very small bug hole of this kind of type. The size of these quanta bug holes has 10-33 only centimeter, the thing that their existence also is the instant only -- short 10-43 second. Cannot use time trip of course: Their unexpectedly flash, the unexpectedly disappears -- will go suddenly suddenly, appear again nowhere is absent. If chance, can have a bug hole, a hole is near today's cricoid world, another hole is being counted you set out year ago near the earth when Yuan Hang, it is captured when bug hole flash, resemble blowing a balloon to let it expand in that way in one's childhood next, maintain a hole to open, let you cross it to return young the birthplace when, but that is very dangerous: Physicist guesses, although still do not have a proof, before bulgy bug hole makes time machine that is flashy, it may be in acuteness explosion ego destruction, the universe may come through such method the odd group that block itself occurrence time travels, for example, a person can return the past, kill the mother before the mother conceives him, do not let him give inborn and killing mother thereby.
If physicist a bad shot, you can let bug the hole opens a few seconds and be stretched enough the trunnion that you cross. You are waiting by, get next, through a few seconds, this time is the time calculative that presses yourself, you returned the in the earth home town when you are young several years ago. But, if time machine ego was destroyed, you also can follow it and go. So, how can you choose? The danger that risking destruction is done those who return the earth is spatio-temporal pass through, still continue to roam about in boundless and indistinct universe?
Good, aerospace journey comes here end, the topic that lets us returns today's book " black hole and time bend " come up, talk about the cosmic physics problem that a moment ago encountered in aerospace journey together.
2. Einstein redefine time and space
Mention time and space, what can you think of?
Everything should speak of from 19 centuries later period, await in those days, the mankind is right the phenomenon of all widely different between physical universe, can use a few simple Newtonian physics law, receive beautiful explanation, the theory of absolutely space and time looks like Newton not allow to challenge. Later, with Newton fierce scientific giant Einstein appeared, he abandoned these, offerred a new theory for us, and prove this theory compares cosmic harmony want perfect much.
The new theory of Einstein forms by two fundamental: It is velocity of light absolutely sex principle, that is to say, no matter the nature of space and time how, their form sure make velocity of light absolutely on all direction the ground is same, and have nothing to do with the motion of gauger absolutely; 2 it is relativity principle, no matter the essence of physics law how, they must be in equal all athletic condition are treated on viewpoint.
The special relativity of Einstein won huge success, entered the mankind a new era to understanding belt of the universe, however, whether do this mean us to must abandon completely is the physics of past Newton mensurable? Not be apparently, in daily life, in mass scientific territory and technical application, newtonian law still is being applied extensively. When we prepare to travel by plane, won't care time to expand; When the engineer is designing an aircraft, also won't contract for length and angst. This kind expands and systole is too small, not need care.
When approaching velocity of light relative to speed only, the fatidical ability of Einstein and Newton begins to appear serious difference: At this moment, also be in only at this moment, we just must abandon Newton, the prophecy of Si Tan of strict and faithful Yu Aiyin.
3. Einstein theory predicted black hole, and he himself rejected a black hole
According to the theory of Einstein, somebody predicted the existence of the black hole, nevertheless, when somebody is willing to take seriously the black hole, einstein is not willing however, why does Einstein reject a black hole? Because the black hole is the celestial body that density amasses minimum extremely roughly, and the computational proof of Einstein: Without a kind of so powerful force, can squash the quality of a dying star volume is very minor on the dot.
Comer discovers Einstein is wrong after, this is the confine of Einstein not only, also be that time the confine of people thinking, the understanding with relativistic to broad sense in those days people is very indigent still, nobody realises enough and compact object meets necessarily collapse shrinks: This is meant, if the object is true so small, so, gravitation surmounts object interior necessarily other all force, extruding object produces disastrous collapse to shrink, and collapse shrinks will produce a black hole. Arrived all the time 20 centuries 60 time later period, the certain evidence when the black hole personal classics is crushing when everything, most physicist just begins to face a black hole seriously.
This book author after 4. gravitation wave discovers says: Our mankind open of a surging forward with great momentum new itinerary
Good, on the topic that returns hot recently whole world: Gravitation wave, what is gravitation wave, what do it and black hole have to concern, how does it change our world outlook again?
Before letting us be returned first 100 years, that was 1915, einstein just built broad sense the theory of relativity. Of broad sense the theory of relativity spatio-temporal be what kind of? Let me cite a case for you: Look in Einstein, the universe that we are in is like a piece of bouncy rubber film, the sun and earth are film two when go up one big one small bowling. Naturally, can sunken give away goes to the place that bowling is in, and the sun is heavier, cave rate is later. So earthly nature can be gone to " defect is gotten deeper " sun athletics goes. This is the description with substaintial to gravitation Einstein, it is spatio-temporal that he thinks gravitation is substaintial bend, the word that circles a mouth quite with is: Spatio-temporal tell material how to move; Material tells spatio-temporal how to bend.
So what is gravitation wave? Make figurative word with rubber film, two bowling are in that is to say when moving, those who caused film shake, on this film shaking ripple is gravitation wave. You had been clear about most propbably now, gravitation wave is not the wave of gravitation, however spatio-temporal dimple. And celestial body quality is greater, campaign is more violent, gravitation wave is more powerful. The gravitation wave that discovers this is two black holes between disturb, before they are incorporating, add up have 65 suns quality fully, relative speed near 0.6 times velocity of light, can be imagined their gravitation wave intensity.
So what can gravitation wave tell us? Above all, the quality related the black hole that it tells us to form this gravitation wave and orbit information; Still have the concussion case when the black hole is united in wedlock. Of course, these are one fraction information only, and the research that just is based on wave of this one gravitation. In fact, because gravitation wave is by spatio-temporal structure curve generation, won't suffer the destruction of the material in spreading way, so it can provide the information of cosmic origin for us. Yes, from now on the origin that we will understand the universe with brand-new means, going discovering is what force modelled this universe! Be like what what say on the press conference: The discovery of gravitation wave is like Galilean first time to observe with binoculars the sky is same, this is the milepost on science history.
And favour of this book author all alone, after be informed this one news, also said a paragraph of such words: "Pass this discovery, our mankind open of a surging forward with great momentum new itinerary: To exploring the universe of that bent one side itinerary. The observation of the collision of the black hole and gravitation wave is this itinerary in the first perfect example. The observation of the collision of the black hole and gravitation wave is this itinerary in the first perfect example..
5."Black hole " be a hole really?
At this late hour, we are right black hole this noun already familiar to the ear can detailed, but, "Black hole " is one word how come?
It is very important that we name a word for the thing. The movie star's agent is to understand this very much probably, so they dream of · of instead Ma beautiful lotus shows a Norma Zhenni Backer, stalk or branch Beila Bulasi instead shellfish pulls · Lu Ge Xi. Physicist is clear also of course, in physics, a noun conduces to the thought frame of reference that establishs understanding physics concept, it is the most important that good name can let person conception give a can outstanding idea the understanding prospect of property, conduce to the research that has inspired with some kind of subconscious direct way thereby; Bad name can produce the thought obstacle that block up studies.
Does so sidereal collapse shrink what should generated object call? Arrive from 1958 1968, the thing just has used different name: The name that Russia physicist uses before stresses the point of view of the astronomer in examine of exterior of black hole eyeshot. Think back to, to escape as a result of light the control of gravitation needs overcome tremendous difficulty, the person that watching outside black hole eyeshot looks exist forever, so sidereal surface won't arrive at critical circumference really it seems that, eyeshot won't be formed really. To astronomer, it appeared to just be frozen in critical week good qualities. Accordingly, russia physicist shrinks collapse generated object calls aspic star -- this name shrinks in the collapse of 60 time for them research laid fundamental key and understanding foundation.
Wheeler is the colleague of Einstein, also be quanta mechanical the greatest practice person one of Fei Man's teacher. The black hole is the new name that he takes, after this inside a few months, home of square relativistic physicist, astrophysical and ordinary people adopted the thing enthusiasticly -- have an exception only: In France, black hole, trou Noir[tru] [nwar] of this French phrase, implicit and obscene meaning, was boycotted a lot of years.
6. black hole does not have wool, human what also is not measured
Before you do not understand a black hole, what do you have to guess intuitionisticly to the black hole? I believe, most person can guess the black hole is round. Physicist put forward to guess however to this, if collapse shrinks,that is quadrate star should form a black hole, its eyeshot also meets be a circle and won't have edge. If guess correct, so the star that the black hole won't leave what evidence to prove to produce it is square, round, and, what also won't evidence proves former star is magnetization still do not have magnetism. Later, should guess when appearing correct gradually, wheeler invented term of a refined to describe it: The black hole does not have wool -- " wool " those who say is those likelihoods highlight in black hole surface, the thing that reveals sidereal before pattern, for instance star expresses the mountain peak of the face, on the surface of black hole eyeshot that forms after collapse shrinks, can you also have ridgy rise?
We are familiar batch touch violin chord, want finger to pull string only, it holds metabolic position; Similar, want hill to highlight only outside the black hole, it can let the visual field that the new student becomes be out of shape. The finger that becomes us leaves string, bowstring will be oscillatory, give out sound wave outwards; Sound wave took away string metabolic energy, bowstring returns former linear position. Same, sink when hill black hole, cannot make eyeshot is out of shape again, black hole vibration, give out gravitation wave; Wave those who take away eyeshot be out of shape energy, what the black hole is in ideal is globose, what does this collapse that there is mountain shrink to have to concern with Pulaisi's theorem? According to physics law, the hill form apophysis of eyeshot can radiate of translate into gravitation. And theorem tells Pulaisi us, apophysis is met certainly wave of translate into gravitation, this kind of radiate is met certainly take away apophysis completely. This is mechanism of black hole glabrous. Such, according to theorem of general Lai Si, after coming loose in all radiate, still can stay, have the effect of the quality of the black hole, spin and charge only. Of the black hole other all features were taken away by radiation: Who do this mean to also cannot rely on to measure those property with last black hole, will announce collapse shrinks the sidereal feature of this black hole.
Is 6. spatio-temporal be bent really?
A moment ago we talk about Einstein the theory of relativity, compare with rubber film spatio-temporal, bowling analogy sun, produce twist because of the existence of great quality object according to structure of this one academic space.
The theory of Einstein bent spatio-temporal, sky is academic when we are based on this kind of bent to the understanding of black hole and universe now.
But spatio-temporal be bent really? Can think so, spatio-temporal and original it is flat, but are we used is those who measure it horological with straightedge be however actually " of rubber " OK in that way drawing metabolic? Go until changing their way at another o'clock from when us, although the most perfect horological likely also slow fast perhaps, although the most perfect straightedge is likely also,spin, be? Our horological these change with straightedge, is what can you make flat spatio-temporal appear bend?
Yes, can think completely so.
Which be true fact? To physicist, this question is very silly, because it does not have physical meaning. No matter bent still is flat, two kinds of spatio-temporal view are horological to any ideal make identical prophecy with the measurement that straightedge place undertakes, and we can see, the measurement that it undertakes to the physical instrument place of any types, also make identical prophecy. Physicist is when the theory of relativity of derivation broad sense is fatidical, can exchange the ground to apply these two viewpoints.
The physics of flat and spatio-temporal standard is mensurable, the law that can curve spatio-temporal standard from the basis on maths is pushed, also go conversely. This that is to say, the different maths that two groups of law are same physics phenomenon expresses. Resemble using a bit 0.001 will express with 1/1000 same a number. Nevertheless, mensurable mathematical formula expresses to be pleasant to the eye in two kinds rising is very different, mix at two groups of theorematic image accordingly example is very different also.
The breathtaking prophecy of 7. Hocking: The black hole evaporates
19 centuries 70 time, the torch that studies cosmic physics is handed in to the scientist hand of a legend, he is Hocking.
Hocking is bold ideologist, if he feels those radical new way are right, he can be on new way gladlier than most physicist. Hocking is in " natural " a breathtaking prophecy announced in an essay of the magazine, hocking's computation proves, gyral black hole can produce radiation necessarily and decelerate rotate. His computation is fatidical still, when the black hole stops to rotate, radiation still won't stop. Did not rotate, did not rotate energy, the black hole continues to give out of all kinds radiate, of gravitation, of electromagnetic, neutrino, and continue to lose energy when radiation. We know, gyral energy stores up outside eyeshot of the space vortical in, and the energy that loses now can come from a place only, that is the interior of the black hole.
Likewise admirable still have, hocking's computation is fatidical, radiation chart resembles the heat radiation chart of high temperature object completely. Change a word to tell, the behavior of the black hole ases if to have a finite temperature in the eyeshot that says it, and suddenly gold cipher out this temperature direct ratio the gravitation at black hole surface. Hocking's computation still explains, last when the black hole radiation, energy of outflow of quality translate into when, its quality drops, the area drops, and temperature and exterior gravitation are elevatory, the black hole is contractive and heated, look from the result, it is evaporating.
What be after all inside 8. black hole?
What is the most eye-catching to the research of the black hole likelihood after all in the black hole namely? Can be another universe; Or is inky, windy and empty?
Wheeler is mixed in 50 time end there is an a dream, hope at the beginning of 60 time, he hopes the mankind can walk into strange place to see quanta gravitation how produce effect one day. Such, we can rely on maths and computer simulation to study it not only, still can depend on true physical observation and experiment. Later, new research discovers, collapse shrinks the eyeshot that forms all round star hid strange place, cannot see at all from outside, if we always are outside eyeshot, explore strange aspect without method. Nevertheless, calculate us to cross the eyeshot of a huge old black hole, still can living face quanta gravitation strange drop, also send the case that see without method an earth, because our information does not escape to give a black hole, eyeshot obscured it.
Although benefit is strapped,do not make in that way dream early, also advocate now, the person approachs impossibly strange place, but this are correct, we were not sure completely still, can imagine, the blame of certain extreme is bulbiform collapse of celestial or heavenly body shrinks can produce naked strange drop, what surround without eyeshot namely is bit stranger, can observe it from our earth even from the universe outside thereby, explore it. If naked strange place can exist, the quanta gravitation law that so only we still do not have understanding now can tell us, these bit stranger behavior how, they will be right around spatio-temporal what to do, the universe that whether can their action live to us produces tremendous effect?
9. bug hole and time machine
After the spatio-temporal ride with long thereinbefore, you had hanged down aging, dream to return the past, recovery new student. So is all these likely? Physicist offerred bug hole for us this false appearance, go passing through spatio-temporal. And " bug hole " one word, also originate Wheeler.
Bug hole is the shortcut of between 2 o'clock a hypothesis with the distant apart in the universe. It has two mouth of a cave, for example it has to be near the earth, another is near the Vega orbit with 26 far light-year. Two mouth of a cave pass the channel posture that transcends a space to join, channel may have 1 kilometer to grow only, if we walk into channel from the mouth of a cave near the earth, pass 1 kilometer only, arrive at another mouth of a cave, appear beside the Vega with 6 far light-year.
Now, we are probably to the understanding of bug hole: If be in big burst,did not make bug hole, so a civilization that develops indefinitely may be passed " screwy space " the method will make bug hole, but what is the person that construct no matter " mechanical " , time looks in all frame of reference metropolis by it intense twist, as a result it became machine of a time.
But does time machine hold water on logic? A person that comes from future returns the mother that killed him in the past through time machine, can then he still exist in future and use time machine to return the past? This makes a person understand hard.
Hocking is having sharp criticism to time machine, he thinks nature also abhors them; He abhors this kind expression guesses for, what can uphold time order is benign guess, it points out, physics is mensurable not enable time machine. Hocking guesses, when we want to make time machine, use what kind of thing no matter, before it makes time machine, nature can destroy it through some kind of method, make sure the world won't destroy the history thereby.
Good, about " black hole and time bend " we go to this book a little here, if each friend is intended still to magical universe still unexhausted interest, might as well listen then how program: " cosmic string " , after all what kind of is the universe? This book can have the description of having sth new.
