For friends of broad to us fruit grower, the orchard that wants oneself only is growing plant diseases and insect pests does not happen in the process or harm of plant diseases and insect pests is lighter, so the economic benefits of the orchard got ensuring this year. But in the administrative process in the orchard, because taste differentia different, climate element and help advance somebody's career the account that manages the many sided such as measure, tree body and fructification often do not avoid the harm of plant diseases and insect pests, this is fruit grower friends caring most also is most the problem of anxious. Small making up what should introduce with everybody today is to produce range wide, incidence of a disease is high, hard decay of pilot pear tree is ill.
Ill common of pear tree decay says " sodden skin is ill " , it is pear grows one of disease with the most serious harm in the process, it basically endangers pear tree main force, bough and side branch, cause bark force of cankered, tree is weak, make the crop of pome and character drop thereby. After pear tree comes on, often cause the disease that establish system scar again and again, limb is misshapen not complete, if prevent and cure not seasonable or prevention and cure does not live, can cause a large number of dead trees even or destroy garden, serious menace arrives the economic benefits of friend of our fruit grower. Accordingly, management is cultivated in pear tree in the process, if if we want to achieve the high yield high yield of pear tree, the prophylaxis and treatment that must make disease of decay of good pear tree works. Among them, the precautionary job before coming on and the seasonable discovery after coming on and prevention and cure are Chongzhongzhi is weighed.
Small make up should take everybody first today the hair disease condition with sick decay of thorough and comprehensive understanding pear tree, happen reason and produce time, pear tree is told about in detail on the foundation here skill of cankered ill prevention and cure, for us friends of broad fruit grower make the introduction of a systematization, after hoping everybody is reading this article, can inspire somewhat on disease of decay of pear of prevention and cure.
One, the disease with pear tree ill decay sends a symptom
Disease of pear tree decay basically endangers branch of trunk, bough, side and rod, basically present ulcer model with the branch withered model two kinds, with ulcer model give priority to.
Ulcer happen on trunk and bough more. Early spring season, limb bark is in earlier disease spot a bit apophysis, the rufous leach form that submits outline of chief elliptic or irregular body is wet ill spot, cerebral cortex organizes the cave in that becomes loose to press.
Winter can expand for rufous necrotic spot. Pear tree is growing exuberant period disease ministry is patulous slow down, the ill spot that periderm surrounds dehydrates drying shrinkage cave in. But won't rot commonly come fully xylem, easy the ill skin ministry that come off often pours out of the cinnamon juice that has lees taste. Skin of bark of edge of summertime ill spot is patulous, generation surface ulcer but outline is not apparent, ill the wet disease spot with softer organization, serious person companion has sap to pour out of.
When air of summerly fall red-letter day is humid, ill organization can appear flaxen a filiform spore horn.
The coming year is when climate is dry, in disease be good at boundary occurrence chap, exterior generation verrucous shape is protuberant, break through skin gradually, full black of look unfamiliar of ill ministry watch is small-scale, namely child reach minute of unripe spore implement. Ill spot gradually drying shrinkage cave in (graph 5) , become deep, darkly is Brown to black, boundary of be good at part produces disease interstitial, all around gradually cock, ill spot year after year is patulous, surround rarely whole limb.
The branch is withered model cankered disease happens on liver mosses of exceeding and feeble pear tree rod, fruit more, appearance the ill spot with irregular, not clear edge is patulous and rapid, encircle whole limb very quickly, make limb withered dead, close unripe black is bit more small-scale. Outside dividing harm limb, cankered bacteria also can pass fructification of cut enroach on now and then, the Brown soft rot that forms a circle spot, later period is mid medicinal powder unripe black is bit more small-scale, complete fruit is cankered.
Pesticide of picture origin China the first net
2, the happening with pear tree ill decay the rule
(one) bacterium of cause of disease
Cause of disease is fungus, sexual for generations belongs to ascus bacterium inferior the door, ball carapace looks. Asexuality for generations is belonged to know bacterium partly inferior the door, in field nature the condition falls, see sexual generation not easily. Ill mushroom of asexuality for generations for oblate taper, shallow black comes black, diametical 1mm is controlled, skin is broken through after. Cent gives birth to spore implement bury in child in, 1 stature inside only a cent gives birth to spore implement, spore implement much antrum room, appearance is irregular, altogether is the same as orifice. Implement the wall is dark Brown, orifice is in black. Cent gives birth to spore implement wall gives birth to minute of unripe spore stalk closely, stalk of cent unripe spore is colorless, ramose or single born of the same parents is not ramose. Cent gives birth to spore to submit banana form, two Duan Dun circles, colorless, single born of the same parents, m of μ of 1~1.2 of × of M of size 4.5~5.5 μ .
(2) produce an account
Single factor does not cause the happening of cankered disease, mix by tree situation, tree age however breed, help advance somebody's career misgovern, cut curium the much element such as freeze injury of mouth, low temperature is common the result of action, the following element may be the main reason that brings about disease of pear tree decay to happen generally.
1.Tree age and tree situation
Weak tree, the aged tree cultivates body to fight sexual difference, pear tree is cankered ill happening serious; young tree or strong cultivate cankered disease to come on light, this basically is concerned with the resistance of the itself that establish system. The hair course of diseases of cankered disease spends pear tree to Sui Shuling increases and accentuate, tree age is bigger, incidence of a disease is higher, the illness is more serious.
2.Taste differentia different
The feeling ill sex with different pear ill to pear tree decay breed and fight a gender to have bigger difference, advocate grow variety early crisp pear tree is cankered ill happening opposite lighter, yellow coronal pear tree is cankered ill happening heavier.
3.Density is big, administrative measure does not reach the designated position
Cultivated density is too big when establishing garden, quantity keeping a branch is overmuch, ventilated daylighting condition is poorer, be a bacteria cause spread created advantageous condition.
4.Freeze injury and cut protect not do one's best
Closely related the happening with pear tree ill decay and freeze injury. Low temperature of extreme of northern region winter is in - 20 ℃ are the following, microtherm injures organization of cerebral cortex ministry, for spring pear tree the happening of cankered disease offerred advantageous condition. And pull a branch or cause too much as a result crack, cut those who curium mouth, damage and hail are caused to fold a branch, break off crack waiting for cut also is cause pear tree the main factor of cankered disease.
5.Organic fat investment is not worth the orchard badly
Some pear produce a division the employ of organic fertilizer measures serious inadequacy, some orchards do not apply organic fertilizer for years even, apply a large number of chemical fertilizer for years continuously, fertilization period and fertilization technology are undeserved, create soil organic qualitative content is reduced, fertility drops, cause tree system feeble or flourishing and not strong, cause disease of pear tree decay to happen badly.
6.The load capacity that establish system is too large
Because majority produces an area to suffer the natural disaster effect such as freeze injury, hail easily, the firm when encountering fruit thinning of flower thinning of fruit grower of normal time great majority does not leave a heart, fall not to go hand, see the flower stays, heavy output light tone, measure of together with government does not follow to go up, create appearance of result of old a lunar year in which the last month has 29 days serious, tree force is weak, resist disease is invaded catch ability to reduce, accentuated the happening with pear tree ill decay.
7.Ill scar is blown treat not complete, prevention and cure of plant diseases and insect pests is not seasonable
Controller of most the operatic circle is aged serious, physical strength and technology are reduced greatly, orchard level of management is reduced considerably, the operatic circle is in extensive government position. Cut curium the mouth is not handled, cause new ill scar to produce serious; new come on scar is blown treat not seasonable, ill scar is blown treat not complete, cause ill scar recrudesce, fruit grower of more; some takes scar of serious have an attack of one's old illness seriously only the growth period before collecting is blown treat, despise collect prevention and cure of the rest period after fruit, effect of prevention and cure is poor, disease year after year is aggravating. Prevention and cure of other plant diseases and insect pests is not seasonable, tree force is weak, tree body fights sexual difference, additionally the fruiter ignores prevention and cure, also can increase the chance that cankered bacteria invades.
3, the happening with pear tree ill decay time
Cankered bacteria basically gives birth to spore with hypha, cent implement, ascus carapace is in ill tree bark live through the winter. Bacteria spore basically lends harships transmission, invade from bark cut. Because the bacteria provides conceal to invade,catch a characteristic, be in only invade catch an aspect all round bark feeble or dead Shi Cairong is easy patulous, come on. Be in field, the bacteria forms on bark of over summer fall fall cerebral cortex place begins to expand, form surface layer ulcer. The surface layer ulcer on weak tree or feeling ill breed, often cross periderm to expand in pear tree growth period all round cause on bark come on.
Different area, the period that this disease produces is different. Disease of pear tree decay has 2 fastigium 1 year, usually, come on in spring 3~4 month and autumn 8~9 month serious, spring is filled hair, the summer stops to expand, autumn again activity, but endanger relatively spring is light. From summertime bark generation falls cerebral cortex comes fall occurrence pathological changes of cerebral cortex textural, till next year spring enters growth period, winter comes on backwater, can regard pear tree as a cycle of cankered disease.
Gan Qiao of ill bark of pear tree decay falls off
4, the measure of prevention and cure with pear tree ill decay
Disease of decay of pear tree of prevention and cure should highlight " early " word, treat; early discovery, early to highlight even namely " diligent " word, namely diligent observe go to the fields, frequently, place of fruiter running water, cave place, of the Nie that send bud all round it is to come on place, discover one place treats one part, infect a source in order to decrease.
(one) agriculture prevents and cure
1.Adjust measures to local conditions, the choice helps advance somebody's career aptly breed
The basis helps advance somebody's career the climate characteristic of the area, the choice is different the breed that fights a gender is cultivated, because breed is unwell,can avoid appropriate and cause cankered ill happening. Exalted engraft law is used to establish garden appropriately when establishing garden. Reach grafting place to be in 30cm above, raise breed to fight cold sex then.
2.Fertilize evenly
Answer to decide fertilizer in order to produce when fertilization, every produce 100 kilograms of pear to should use purity nitrogen 0.7 kilograms, pure phosphor 0.3 kilograms, pure Potassium 0.7 kilograms. Organic qualitative content should be in orchard soil 1% above, fertilization should be given priority to with organic fertilizer, organic inorganic is united in wedlock, add Shi Wei to measure elemental fertilizer at the same time, slant more nevertheless apply nitrogenous fertilizer, proper top application.
3.Right amount fruit thinning
Fruit thinning of right amount flower thinning, avoid appearance of result of old a lunar year in which the last month has 29 days. The basis establishs the birth state of body and fertilization standard, decide likely outcome is measured, do not make the burden that establish system overweight, should not pass for near future interest to be adopted more more pull branch, annulus to pare wait for the measure that increases result amount. Want fruit thinning of proper flower thinning, accomplish a result to grow tree neither by accident, maintain tree power balance.
The root cause of illness or trouble of pear tree decay is cervical come on
4.Reasonable intercrop
Be expert at cultivate the green manure such as clover, clove, green manuring undertakes when summerly fall, in order to earth up fat soil, increase soil organic qualitative, enhance tree power.
5.Protect Xie Cugen
Seasonable prevention and cure causes the plant diseases and insect pests of inchoate fallen leaves, if Hei Xing is ill, grey stinkbug of net of spot disease, shading disease, speckle disease and red spider, pear, aphid, leaf roller. Notice to prevent and cure even at the same time all sorts of root ministry disease.
6.Pest of limb of prevention and cure
The maker of the cut of limb pest since such as Ji Ding bug, clearwing, long-corn, it is the agency that carry and transmits a bacteria, to these the prevention and cure of the pest can reduce the incidence of a disease with pear ill decay effectively.
7.Avoid excessive clip as far as possible
Reduce cut, bigger curium the mouth wants to cut smooth, besmear next tung-oil, varnish or methylic ointment of the ferry that hold cloth in the palm, S, the protection such as the 921 agents that fight bacterium.
Gan Qiao of ill bark of pear tree decay
(2) physics prevents and cure
1.Blow in time treat a disease spot
Not only should blow become angry completely organization, even 0.5 centimeters health is organized all round raze; Already amounted to xylem to pathological changes, make xylem becomes weak rufous ill spot, want surface layer of along with xylem to blow clean necrotic organization; Want to blow shuttle form, the surface is slick, do not take wool crop, cicatrization with interest cut.
2.Prevent frostbite and day bright
Mix before the winter early spring is truncal Tu Bai, have reduce the bark difference in temperature, effect that reduces freeze injury and day bright, cankered to preventing and cure disease has positive effect. Besmear white agent adds 0.2 kilogram lime for 1 kilogram water, bluestone of rejoin 10~20 gram and a few cow dung.
(3) biological control
Biology pesticide basically is used beneficial microbial will prevent and cure disease, it is had bring about the advantage such as drug-fast generation avirulent, harmless, free from contamination, not easily, accord with people to be opposite not only the demand of green food, and can develop continuously for agriculture provided safeguard. Biological control divides actinomyces now beyond, still have fungus (if bine of shape of green mildew sticking a broom, head nods mildew, Hacimu yeast of ball of concealed of mildew, Luo Lun) with the bacterium (if withered grass bud holds bacillus in the arms, produce bacili of enzymatic dissolve bacili, false odd Bao) .
Ill be good at boundary chap, ill spot surface gives birth to black little grain
(4) chemical prevention and cure
Early spring, summer searchs ill ministry and blow the organization that divide disease seriously, daub antiseptic. Blow except become warped skin and necrotic organization, after blowing, can spray agent of clear water of 5% bacterium poison 50 ～ phenol of propyl of Xi of 100 times fluid, 95% adjacent (silver-colored fruit former medicine) bacterium of 50 times fluid, 50% benzene is clever but wet sex powder agent of in suspension of spirit of much bacterium of · of Zun of 800 times fluid, 30% the fifth of the ten Heavenly Stem (sprout.
Send the pear tree that get a severe disease to need to be blown in the round treat, find pear tree to decay first brim of ill ill spot, go up in ill spot with fast knife removed 0.5 centimeters fore-and-aft delimit, brim of range is big ill spot 2 centimeters, be as deep as xylem, brush with wool next in besmear of ill spot surface 5% bacterium poison rinses agent 20 ～ 30 times fluid or spray agent of acerbity water of 21% second crossing oxygen the drug such as 200 times fluid.
