After Zhu Yuanzhang builds bright generation, undertook adjustment to original national machine, formed brand-new influence framework. Shuffle in this round of influence in, a brand-new orgnaization -- connect politics department to be born. This branch that basically is in charge of handling memorial to the throne removes rise and fall to fall as the development of bright generation history, of Cong Mingchu hot the unmanned make inquires to bright end, flank mirrorred bright generation of central influence stream change.
1368 the first month of the lunar year, ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang weighs the Supreme Being at Nanjing, built Ming Dynasty. Initial stage establishing a country, zhu Yuanzhang continue to use yuan acting system, centrally " bear before make, the book in setting is saved, place is left, right prime minister, ginseng know government affairs, get numerous job with all " ; The place installs province of the book in travel, general affairs of administer place administration, military affairs.
? Graph 1 Zhu Yuanzhang (1328, 1398)
The power of Ming Chucheng photograph is very great, to central each branch subordination concerns, before authority handles memorial to throne in the emperor memorial to the throne of check and approve, the choice is shown on the part among them. Below such system, alone of prime minister moustache needs influence and ambition expand, "Count alone year, unripe kill Zhi removing from office, or not achieve diameter goes. Inside and outside seals a thing on all department, surely preferential read, kill oneself person, always conceal not in order to hear " , be in many otherer the respect constituted menace to imperial power. The Zhu Yuanzhang that be driven beyond forbearance puts to death Huwei needs, abandon the prime minister system besides continuance chiliad. The Zhu Yuanzhang of power be under one's control feels very good at first, after province of the book in be being lost however classifies processing to memorial to the throne, be like,the emperor is faced everyday like hill desultorily memorial to the throne breaks down with each passing day, will establish a politics department to be in charge of memorial to the throne only 10 years in July in Hong Wu eventually.
Bright politics department place is known first very tall, one of Lie Jiuqing, sort is in after examine courtyard, before Dali temple, obtained prime minister fractionation, arrange, the power that delivers of all kinds memorial to the throne to give an emperor, assume case " understand conditions or feelings of the lower levels, official seal all department discrepancy archiveses, achieve signs up for achieve of all directions chapter, real feudal character, chen Qing is extended appeal to reach the issue such as different of calamity of military situation sound " important task; In Changchao when manage politics, connect politics department to senior office or officer politics all sorts of general affairs in making want government of achieve of report of Xiang Huang emperor; Discuss big politics, when big case and meeting elect minister of civil and military, politics make all qualified participate in. Bright generation the official of 6 divisions character of all-powerful, also be an orgnaization of politics department subordinate at this moment.
? Graph 2 bright red a surname are pressed down (1427, 1464) , namely Ming Yingzong
Connect classics of politics department all previous to be in Hong Wu, always happy, Hong Xi, Xuan Desi face, be taken seriously all the time by the imperial court. However good times don't last long, arrived lineal first year, ying Zongjiu year old accession, cannot arrive day manage politics, ministerial " 3 poplar " acting Di Bingzheng, bright the Chang Chao that main effect produces first flows at the form at this point, eventually bright generation is had no change, the power that understands politics department loses one chunk at this point, "Every encounter Chang Chao, know the number since former not stick to of thing of politics department achieve. " contain garden notes " the cloud, from too ancestor according to legend, row emperor arrives day, every solstice Ze, not Huang face is fed, since alone desire Da Sicong the character of the world. Flower Zong Yiyou develops accession, the easy tired of Lv emperor body such as 3 cabinet old Yang Rong, because innovation is made, daily levee, make character issue only 8. Before one day first with carbon attainments Your Exllency, comfort with Chen Shang of each job disciplinary action, meet play music, according to place bear pass decree just. Ying Zongji is strong, soldier of 3 official afterwards, unmanned dare answer of ancestor old. To apocalyptic when, alone achieve 2 things. Reach Yu Yuchong to auspicious year a Shi Ban, still see play 4 things, case covers photograph edge, the fact that do not have benefit politics. The fact that do not have benefit politics..
? Graph 3 " contain garden notes " Zuo of Ming Dynasty king is written, it is the book carries Ming Hongwu to reach lineal a face
Arrived in bright generation later period, imperial idle at government affairs, memorial to the throne of very few read overmarginalia, knowing politics department place is go from bad to worse more, the official that amid holds a post can be discriminated against even by the courtier, among them the most typical is conflict of seating arrangement of class of station of courtier when face of 10 thousand all previous.
When face of 13 meets 10 thousand all previous, the Ni smooth Jian that the palm holds the post of to tell minister of the Ministry of Works in feudal China of politics department issue when makes according to Hong Wuchao " formal formulary " should stand in originally before examine dean Guan Zhaojin, however with fishboning by force celebrated Zhao Jin at this point agitatedly, say avowedly " I cannot end sing later " , reject to stand toward the class. After removing government, it is the manner that the Yang Wei of a high official in ancient China of the Ministry of Official Personnel Affairs in feudal China holds the post of to make clear his when be opposite more: "Grade of ministry courtyard chancellery is identical, and the class has early or late, it is foreword with goverment office in feudal China. Today smooth Jian is tasted only with bright and beautiful with, and still the palm connects government affairs, therefore desire on Ban Jin, be in order to connect politics add at over examine courtyard, blame make also " , think Ni is smooth although Jian holds a high official in ancient China of the Ministry of Works in feudal China part-time, but because of its still in control of knows politics department work, station class cannot be discharged in administer of examine courtyard general affairs before oneself.
A mighty uproar is raised this in conflict hold office at court, scanty emperor shows its reason on Ni smooth Jian, unexpected is, divine an administrative unit in Xizang did not deal with disobey ancestor make, instigate the Zhao Jin of conflict, add minister of ministry of officers and soldiers to him instead, by exemple be able to stand the class is before a high official in ancient China of the Ministry of Works in feudal China, just now be able to make concessions to avoid trouble. The imperial processing to conflict try to mediate differences at the sacrifice of principle manner, real report notify politics department right now the state of eunuch of be an official that the political place of go from bad to worse and official suffer discrimination.
After this, conspicuous connects politics department to also fail to turn over quite again temporarily, the busyness excessive branch in becoming courtier mouth in bright Qing Dynasty two generation sink into for a long time, be opened up to be the example of useless branch by Kang Liang when the Reform Movement of 1898, clear minor details is new politics when suffer dissolve.
? Graph centralism of 4 Ming Dynasty
Connect politics department to be expressed great expectations by Ming Taizu when build, however, as the development of bright dynasty, however gradually incline to is downfallen. Does this among them reason where after all?
1. emperor pays close attention to spent fall
In country of feudal centralization of state power, the manner that the emperor serves government administration and the way that handle government affairs are concerning of national orgnaization promote useless, politics department depends on this kind to imperial power the orgnaization with stronger sex is more such.
Connect politics department function whether the key of play, in the memorial to throne that assumes at turning whether get imperial attention, get seasonable and effective read overmarginalia replies.
A few emperors of bright generation early days are diligent at affairs of state, taller to efficiency of read overmarginalia of subject memorial to throne, in staying, do not send do not see more; Arrived in bright generation later period, the emperor is much relatively idle politics, constant morning sun is rare, even tens of year not go to court; Personally the memorial to throne of read overmarginalia is less, give mostly cabinet and processing of department ceremony inspect. And before the senior official that is a delegate with Ge Chen begins more to use close scanty nonstop drive from Yong Lechao, this makes an emperor more lazy at the groovy memorial to the throne with read overmarginalia empty one's words. Defend plus the factory waited for peculiar spy orgnaization to offer many private achieve to declare for the emperor, this makes connect politics department position to be weakened badly by.
? Graph 5 bright generation secret service east factory wintersweet makes card
The change of structure of government of 2. bright generation
It is good to connect politics department good people after carrying the premise of travel is useless prime minister, the system of high emperor centralization of state power that the six ministries in feudal China is in charge of to the emperor directly is good move. Dan Hongwu, always the monarch listing era after Le Zhi is mixed in working ability the job is enthusiastic with each passing day subsidise, accompany to it, outside the seat of a monarchical government is civilian in the group, ministerial influence grows with each passing day, form gradually with other goverment office in feudal China the subordination with anonymous fact concerns; In group of imperial palace eunuch, department ceremony inspect is become inside official first of 24 goverment office in feudal China, in certain level exercise of previous generation emperor approves red power, make each other with cabinet judge.
One of the court of a feudal ruler outside connecting politics department to regard as, suffer cabinet to order about with each passing day, the emperor mouthpiece becomes authority official falcons and hounds-lackeys, those who be like Jia Jingchao politics make Zhao Wenhua identifies Yan Song to be an adoptive father, in severe family name main effect had in counterpoising only. In imperial palace, was to appear more writ room this one orgnaization, responsible " be in charge of is connected politics make department daily into this chapter " , want to will connect politics department to show the memorial to the throne that go up to undertake be classifieded again, make the work that knows politics department becomes dispensable.
? Graph 6 severe fleabane (1480 - 1567)
3. connects oneself of politics department official to degenerate
Ming Dynasty metaphase, the government is increasingly corrupt. Below such big environment, connect politics department official to also fail preserve one's moral integrity, the official is bent on angle individual interest, the incident common occurance such as divulge a secret of memorial to throne, if Xiao Zongchao is connected politics make Shen Lu outward relative Zhang Heling tips off information, it is normal to interfered an imperial court saline politics moves. Connect politics department official to degenerate make sectional work quality drops quickly, quickened its to move toward the process of be on the wane.
Connect politics the movement at the beginning of Si Zaiming is favorable, bright generation metaphase begins gradually hasten is downfallen, till be reduced thoroughly " idle arrange " . Department of this one process is bright system of imperial centralization of state power develops along with the times first, move toward the inevitable result of transition. As " understand conditions or feelings of the lower levels " connect politics department to move toward weak and degenerate increasingly, the contraband of the information place carry secretly that bright generation emperor gets is increasing also, bright empire also moves toward eventide gradually without avoidable.
Civil: Lay Buddhist of cool and refreshing hill
Bibliographical reference: " contain garden notes " " bright history "
