The article is published at " triplex life weekly " 2019 the 6th period, textual caption " clear belt of Pacific Ocean rubbish: Is the dream ideal still? "
Si Lai of rich raise · is special
Set sailOn September 8, 2018, a marine rubbish clears the boat is pulling a 600 meters long, diameter to make an appointment with 1.5 meters of thick plastic pipes, from golden gate of American san Francisco big bridge falls through, sail Xiang Taiping silvers coin. This plastic pipe is called " Wilson (Wilson) " , it is Holand 24 years old young inventor Si Lai of rich raise · is special (Boyan Slat) last a period of time creation of 8 years. "' rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken ' , we came! " Silaite is in " facial book " cheer on the homepage. According to his design, serve as first but container of rubbish of fold connective float, "Wilson " will with annual nearly 70 tons speed collect is maritime rubbish. Once " Wilson " use score a success, silaite plans to make 60 similar tremendous device, they will clear in 5 years " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " the rubbish of 50% . Even, silaite still has more long-term dream -- 2040, cleared whole world the marine and plastic rubbish of 90% .
Some closer year, problem of marine and plastic rubbish gets more and more attention. 2015, the Zhan Bei of graceful · of associate professor Zhan of institute of project of American Zun Zhiya university is overcome (Jenna Jambeck) reach its group to be in " science " (Science) the imitate that publishs on the magazine considers to make clear, the plastic rubbish that 192 coastal states and area inputted to ocean 2010 only is the whole world about 4.8 million reach 12.7 million tons. U.N. environment arrange is at the beginning of 2017 announce " to marine and plastic make war " , and will " model battle quick decision " the theme that serves as World Environment Day. In some sense, "Wilson " what hurry off to " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " it is the start that nearly 20 years the mankind pays close attention to and begins to consider to handle issue of marine and plastic rubbish fitly.
1997, captain Charles · rub Er (Charles J. Moore) drive number of Alguita of oceanographic research boat attends Cong Luosha Ji to arrive of Honolulu step challenge of Pacific Ocean caique. Ma Ersheng grows beach city at California, father is zealous and nautical, he as a child aboard is grown. 1994, he decides to devote into marine protection and research, held water to be not seek profits sexual orgnaization adds research center of benefit spy ocean (Algalita Marine Research Foundation) , protect an orgnaization to hold a post in many ocean at the same time. 1997 taking part in the match this is an accident. At that time, alguita date just changed a new mast, ma Erxi hopes to detect through the match the dependability of new equipment. When match end returns long beach, contain considering the ship double derv engine, and still have redundant fuel, rub Er decides to do small expeditionary, pass through doldrums. Over there all the year round calm environment cannot attract caique to pay a visit, marine biologic makes fisher disappeared poorly inside area, it is most unfrequented maritime space. Let rub what Er does not have expect is, the debris of human civilization was spread all over unexpectedly there. "Place of my line of sight is reached is plastic everywhere, " rub Er is written in article of a memory, "We are in subtropic high-pressured area travel a week time, no matter I am in when everywhere look around, there is plastic debris on surface: All sorts of the bottle, cap, material that pack, fragments. All sorts of the bottle, cap, material that pack, fragments..
After a few months, rub the Er experience oneself told oceangrapher Ke Di Si Aibeisimaier (Curtis Ebbesmeyer) . Aibeisimaier is the top expert that studies ocean current through marine floater, he most begin to use " rubbish is taken " will describe rub the place of Er sees, and estimate the area that this rubbish takes be equivalent to a Dekesasi about city.
1997, charles · rub Er discovered rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken accidentally
American los angeles 5 large circumfluent research centers (5 Gyres Institute) research is in charge of Marcus Ailikesen (Marcus Eriksen) the expert that is problem of research ocean plastic rubbish. He believes, special geographical environment was brought up " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " . Seem to arrange hour hand to turn a cup of tea, in the center of tea can collect a cup mostly. This rubbish takes just by boreal Pacific Ocean circumfluent place surrounds. Boreal Pacific Ocean is circumfluent it is the suitable hour hand that by boreal equator cold current of warm current of warm current, Pacific Ocean of Kuroshio, north, California makes one annular system. A tooth brush that is discarded in san Francisco coast, meeting as California cold current south one direction, went to Mexico to take refinance to wear boreal equator warm current flows to an Asia, reach Japanese sea area all the time, next it can meet Kuroshio, turn and collect warm current of boreal Pacific Ocean eastwards, the course is Hawaiian, arrive at this north latitude finally the area between 42 ° of 35 ° ～ .
This area as it happens is in " calm belt " . Near equator because sunshine is point-blank, ground air be heated expands, become light to rise. After rising to 8000 meters about, to north and south polar direction flows. This kind of air that moves to north and south, fall in the influence of force of earthly rotation deflection gradually haul: Northerly deflection is northeast, southeast Xiang Na's deflection. Deflection increases as latitudinal addition, to abb of north and south 30 ° ～ 35 ° in the sky became west wind almost, advance ahead no longer. And the air near equator in a steady stream complements ceaselessly come in, much air is then crowded in abb of north and south 30 ° ～ 35 ° in the sky, make ground atmospheric pressure elevatory, those who formed hemisphere of north and south is subtropic high-pressured belt. Here is short of Yun Shaoyu, wind is very few also, be like the center that is tornado calm.
University of British Bern Mao Si (Bournemouth University) professor, the Ke Sidafude in marine biologist (Rick Stafford) tell me, 20 years ago, the theme of marine protection and very different today, await in those days, what people pays close attention to is fishery is excessive catch, the forfeiture of marine biology habitat, sufferring attention contaminant is crude oil of harmful and chemical material, leak.
"My discovery pulls alarm bell noisy. " Charles · rub Er says. These year rub Er studies in what pursue plastic rubbish issue all the time, he is China " marine journal " the article of compose " synthetic polymer inbreaks biosphere: Our instantly place knows what to mean to future " be about to publish. He tells me, the plastic rubbish since in ocean " the person that prey " also be " the person that be preyed " , no matter be which kinds of circumstance, it can let animal death. Be in deep-sea, plastic rubbish becomes the new habitat of a few species, they should not appear over originally, this drained valuable resource, caused an effect to whole ecosystem. Meanwhile, plastic itself will be adsorptive poison, also can release poison. Besides, small plastic will endanger whole biosphere.
2004, scientists put forward " small plastic " this one term. It is used at pointing to to say " the plastic fiber that the diameter is less than 5 millimeter, grain is filmy perhaps " . Small plastic fraction is two kinds, one kind is product of plastic grain industry, they include to clean the very small synthetic fibre that falls off in clothings daily, massage model the bath dew, grandma that wash a face, shave must cream etc in protecting skin to taste " miniature is soft bead " grain is waited a moment; Another kind is generated. Chunk is plastic after rubbish enters ocean environment, the action that waits in storm and ultraviolet ray leaves ground of year in year out, circumfluent likelihood smashs bigger plastic fragment into plastic particle like shredded paper machine, distribute them to whole ocean area again. This is a bit and plastic can release poisonous and harmful material on one hand, also have poisonous harmful material than general and plastic easier adsorption on one hand. 2017, the scientist films plankton photographs in a subtle way first plastic, they can be delivered along food chain, affect marine biology, till human health.
It is early 10 years ago, people has begun to discuss how to clear rubbish belt. But very apparent, even if consider its vast scope only, the operation that uses ship collect rubbish does not have successful likelihood absolutely. Last year in March, si Lai of rich raise · is special " ocean clears " the group is published in nature (Nature) subordinate periodical " scientific report " (Scientific Reports) published a research. 3 years ago, in " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " , "Ocean clears " employed 18 boats use 652 pieces to be able to be caught in different spot catch small plastic or the net that is bigger rubbish undertakes salvaging, filmed from inside sky inside the area of 311 square kilometer at the same time 7300 pieces of photographs. Next, model of their use maths and ocean current are umbriferous come estimation " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " dimensions. They think, the area that rubbish takes achieves kilometer of 1.6 million square, adjacent at 3 France. Its assemble the plastic rubbish that hefts 87 thousand tons, be equivalent to the weight of 43 thousand cars, it is previous beforehand 16 times of appraise.
"Most plastic rubbish is very big still, if we are in,this is meant future does not clear them in a few years come out, the amount of plastic particle is achieved possibly present 10 times to 100 times. " Silaite thinks, his invention can solve a problem. "Wilson " can be regarded as a span of 1.6 kilometers float tremendously dustpan. 1.5 meters plastic pipe is in the diameter U body is formed on offing, pull 3 meters of when dragging lower part suspension deep skirt board. Its moving principle is not complex. Si Lai of rich raise · thinks with his group especially, be in maritime, the ocean current below wind, ocean wave and ocean wave has different rate, jump over downward rate is slower. Plastic floater is located in under ocean wave surface layer and surface, "Wilson " the plastic pipe that floats on ocean wave can the force of wind of have the aid of and ocean wave, with relatively plastic floater rapidder rate advances, so it can resemble a dustpan collecting rubbish collect approach euqally. "Wilson " above charge of solar energy board, system of location of satellite of nightly lighting equipment, GPS, cinematograph and sundry electronic sensor, can convey all information to headquarters through the satellite at any time. Had been collected when rubbish, sensor can inform the ground automatically, show oneself position, the ship that lets receive rubbish comes over to undertake be salvaginged efficiently. Young Silaite estimates gain, enter the water 6 week hind, "Wilson " the first batch of rubbish of collect will be remanded the coast.
Holand company " ocean clears " rolled out the clean system System 001 that aims to collect rubbish of big Pacific Ocean to take rubbish
"Dream " or " ideal " ?"Ocean clears " Dai Erfu of total position Yu Helan is special city (Delft) 18 of an office building. Here, you can hear the English that mixing all sorts of accent. French, Danish, German, Italian, Brazilian, si Lai of young rich raise · is leading 18 years old to arrive 55 years old especially the internationalization group of age layer.
Journey that all start was 2010. Silaite of 16 years old and domestic person go together Greek go vacationing, sign up attended phreatic water course. The world fills his sea floor to beauty to expect completely, discover to there are a lot of rubbishes on seabed however. A thought comes into being in his brain: "Why don't we clear it clean? " as it happens of Si Lai spy should be title of make choice of of exercise of high school science, marine and plastic pollution became his research target.
2012, silaite entered Holand Dai Erfu to manage especially project of aerospace of work college study, however his real passion still stays in ocean. "I cannot stop to think. Be in in classroom the metallic fatigue problem that relates aerostat, what I think is how to use these knowledge in clear on ocean. " one, silaite watchs the video of an oceangrapher to make a speech. This oceangrapher showed the dynamic picture with plastic seaborne in the sea rubbish, pointing out this is people hard collect clears one of their reasons. "Why cannot take advantage of an opportunity and for? " the invention after the inspiration of this instant is him laid a foundation.
2012, dai Erfu manages especially work college held a TEDx to make a speech. Silaitedi elaborates him to clear the train of thought of the sea. "Once had Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and now, we are in plastic times... when you want biscuit, you can buy such biscuit only -- it lies in a plastic box, by wrap up of plastic cent bagging, there still can be a plastic paper outside the outerest big carton, next it still can be installed in a large plastic bag. This is not hazardous nuclear waste, this is a biscuit only just! " Silaite has speech talent very much, he laps the good knowledge of plastic pollution into dramatic narrative and jest, the scientific basis of the think of a way that showed him carefully and backside. Original, speech video is on the network and did not produce how old effect. This did not prevent Silaite to begin to put into effect inspiration. After 6 months, he manages especially from Dai Erfu work college suspend one's schooling without losing one's status as a student, begin to make preparations " ocean clears " company. The 300 euro in his pouch start fund namely. Silaite once was in 300 companies were contacted in the day, hope they can bankroll or collaboration, only one responded to him. The bizarre dream of the undergraduate that believes without the person this one face is babyish.
At the beginning of 2013, the thing happened a favourable turn. Guest of popular rich of a few United States and news website discovered Silaite. This young boy accords with all elements of story of network times hero. His speech begins to travel in type of the virus on the net. "Abrupt, I begin one day to be able to receive 1500 email. I look for a few friends, we are holding notebook computer in both hands to sit in my bedside, begin a Feng Liu to see them. " meanwhile, silaite received more than 400 media to interview invite. Capital also subsequently and come, 2014, he is in 100 days in numerous planned more than 2 million dollar, become numerous prepare platform Holand bank " seed " the project with plan the most successful throughout history.
2016, in distance Holand coast the maritime space of the North sea of 23 kilometers, silaite's rubbish clears systematic first time has a test in open water area. And before this, the network has made Si Lai special the young inventor that makes become famous international, brought him tremendous glory. 2014, he obtained U.N. environment arrange to issue " earthly bodyguard award " , it is the youngest bear the palm on the history person. 2015, norwegian international is maritime award young entrepreneur award promulgated he. Of the same age, he returns unformed to invent then by " times " the magazine is judged for year one of 25 optimal inventions. Nowadays, "Ocean clears " cooperative associate contributing money includes Mashiji marine group, De Qin, Holand is royal tens of home whole worlds such as company of industry of base of engineering company, Microsoft, sand spy are top-ranking enterprise.
In a lot of reports of public media and gregarious network, silaite is hero of the young model of be worthy of, times, but this story still has additional at the same time. Last year in September " Wilson " before setting sail 3 months, personage of activity of American marine environmental protection defends · Shi Fuman greatly (David Shiffman) made an investigation. He contacted 51 to be in research organization, government sector and blame seek profits the expert of problem of marine and plastic pollution that sexual orgnaization works, among them 15 people are willing to complete an investigation questionnaire with faceless means. The result shows, be opposite without one person in them " ocean clears " the project holds the support that is without reservation. Exceeding the person acuteness of 1/4 to criticize whole plan is " the bad idea of good for nothing " . "Each marine debris experts that I know think this design is defective, nevertheless, still see so many money is thrown in this project, this makes a person depressed really. The capital of about a hundred 10 thousand dollars can be used in more businesslike other place originally. " an anonym says. "Public media very arrogate to oneself is grown four apply colours to a drawing such topic -- a certain major environment problem was found ' silver is played ' of type settle way, everything can become better, but in fact, they did not provide accurate and comprehensive information, " a place that gets inquirer to speak of scientists, "This lets us feel embarrassed as the scientist, it seems that we always are very inactive, always complaining. Always complaining..
The Ke Sidafude in marine biologist tells me, be in early actually 2013, a lot of learned men that include marine biologist, engineering home to wait inside imagine a lot of existence problems with respect to what ever pointed out Silaite. 2014, "Ocean clears " issued to be as long as the feasibility report of 52 pages, but this reports and did not make a response to this well. Even till today, sidafude also does not think these problems got handle and be settlemented.
The doubt of scientists is all-around. They think " Wilson " the design flaw with fundamental existence. Above all, silaite plans to use 3 meters of deep skirt board collect ocean rubbish, but a lot of research think, a large number of plastic rubbish actually consist in 3 meters the following, a few rubbish issue 100 meters very easily even to offing deep. "Ocean clears " maritime space of West of Ceng Zaidong Beijing University has had relevant test, but at that time, their sampling limits arrived at below offing 5 meters only, experts think, this can't show any issues.
Another problem is, "Ocean clears " can not reply: They will be specific with why be being planted means is handled " Wilson " the biology blemish difficult problem that face. In ocean, bilge, buoy and all artificial establishment can adhere to go up to be moved in great quantities plant and microbial. "Wilson " so huge plant, run in very out-of-the-way maritime space, the charge that clears artificially will be brushstroke gigantic endowment, and did not defend at present technology can ground of get sth done once and for ever solves a problem. American progress center (Center For American Progress) Miliyamu of marine policy director Si Tan of · dagger heart (Miriam Goldstein) point out, biology blemish is meant, although be below optimal circumstance, the outside face of every square metre will add unit a tens of biology to hundreds kilograms, so " Wilson " plastic pipe floats device can float probably in offshore above no longer, and this is the main demand that it works normally.
A lot of people believe far from " Wilson " can come down in the survival in astringent ocean. "5 big circumfluent institutes " policy director Steve Wilson (Stiv Wilson) once cleared with a support the personage of circumfluent rubbish wears Vietnam Atlantic, arrive at south Africa from Brazil. In this journey, they had 22 days to encounter billow tall the more than 9 storm of rice. Spent 50 much talents to complete a trip in all. "This personage abandoned his idea, other places just realizes, ocean has after all how old, " Steve Wilson is written in an article, "The sea is vast ruined power. Be in maritime after a month, our sail had torn twice, a few mast are damaged, a wind-force generates electricity equipment became scrap iron thoroughly -- the force that this is nature. " De Sitan of dagger of · of Mi Liya Mu thinks, "Wilson " working maritime space looks be like calm, the architects that make it underestimate the challenge that it may confront.
Charles · rub Er tells me, "Wilson " polyethylene makes plastic valve. "These heavy plastic pipes can harden gradually and break off. " he calculated brushstroke Zhang: "Ocean clears " predict to be below groove, one " Wilson " such department is unified year can collect 120 tons of ～ 180 tons of rubbish, and a such device itself hefts 280 tons.
More important is, scientists not only think " Wilson " the job that cannot finish rubbish successfully to clear, still can be opposite this weak already marine modes of life and relation to their environment causes greater harm. Like Sidafude says, "Ocean clears " say, "Wilson " won't cause a harm to marine biology, they are OK from 3 meters of deep skirt board lower part swims, most marine biologist is anxious very much to this. Boreal Pacific Ocean is circumfluent in many plankton cannot leave the surface layer seawater that contains a lot ofoxygen, this is meant " Wilson " skirt board certainly will will disturb them. "Ocean clears " feasibility report recommended the research 1986 proves " Wilson " security, but this research has in Alaska bay north, this maritime space and boreal Pacific Ocean are semi-tropical circumfluent have completely different ecosystem.
Charles · rub Er tells me, "Wilson " can become " device of artificial part fish " . In ocean, fish can like to swim to the lower part of large floater. Meet as a result of device itself collect rubbish, these animals feed plastic possibility by accident bigger than publishing water area. "Ocean clears " mentioned in feasibility report clear the likelihood that device catchs fish by accident, but did not give out solution.
Another kind of danger is, if " ocean clears " should clear in order to be not mechanical means " Wilson " biology blemish make use of condition is used in great quantities surely prevent nondestructive coating. This kind of coating contains biology to exterminate agent composition. Coating itself has period of validity, because what it contains some biology to exterminate an agent,meet ceaseless prediction of a person's luck in a given year, in releasing water.
To these doubt, "Ocean clears " the view that has oneself. Presiding operation overcomes Er of · Huo Li suddenly inside government-owned collect (Lonneke Holierhoek) emphasize, "Wilson " the design passed strict test: They devised a few measure, arrange condition of biologic of ship monitoring ocean for instance, the device such as use hearing sensor guides chelonian and mammalian escape " Wilson " etc, although unit emerged certain harm to marine biology really, the profit that it brings also will exceed its negative effect far.
Take the rubbish sample that salvages from rubbish of big Pacific Ocean
She JiOn September 8, "Wilson " after leaving san Francisco shore, preexistence Pacific Ocean opened water area to have two weeks of much ultimate tests, as a result indication system moves good. Then it is carried formally " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " , accept real challenge. Unfortunate is, on December 29, it must be hoped Hawaiianly by new carry back bay of the name of a river in Shaanxi and Henan provinces.
"Ocean clears " Young Fan Aiweike tells news official me, "Wilson " encountered two problems: "The system can not succeed the ground is the rubbish control of collect inside his limits, because athletic rate of the system is too slow,this may be. One fraction structure of the system (60 feet of size) attaint, because material is fatigue,the likelihood is. " " now, the system is accepted in haven be maintained necessarily and debug. " he did not make more explanation. Luoneike Huolierhuoke did not accept presiding operation officer interview.
In Marcus Ailikesen and Charles · rub Er looks, unsuccessful first set out on a voyage had proved scientists foreknow. Dan Silai is special not so think. In be interviewed, he rebukes those say " ocean clears " the opinion on public affairs that has failed: "Of course, those are rubbish, the rubbish on the road that just leads to a success just. " he claims, this year later on, "Wilson " will return afresh " rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " .
But in fact, although Silaite's device solved everything to design an issue, be proved pair of marine zoology are harmless, his plan still was full of controversy. Silaite and scientists exist on a few basic facts and idea fundamental difference. A typical case is, last year in March " ocean clears " in " scientific report " on published research shows, "Rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " in litter 99.9% for plastic, among them at least 46% for flue. Those who exceed 3/4 is plastic it is the litter that is more than 5 centimeters, include strong plastic, plastic sheet and plastic film, 8% what plastic particle seizes plastic total mass only. This result is right " Wilson " feasibility and value are crucial, because according to the design, it can collect diameter the plastic rubbish of 1 centimeter of above, but a lot of scientists do not approbate such result and logic, look in them, real need " clear " is those " Wilson " what cannot handle is small plastic.
Marcus Ailikesen tells me, "Rubbish of big Pacific Ocean is taken " be not is fall asleep. "They did not do enough research on ocean current model, ocean current model tells us, the rubbish fragment of the chunk that they hope to collect can be in 10 years or be taken to return coastal edge afresh inside shorter time. An example is, research center of Pacific Ocean of international of American Hawaiian university is high researcher Nikelai Makeximoke (Nicholai Maximenko) the research that released him 2018. He estimates, 90% in 1000 fisher that were missing when Japanese seismic sea wave 2011, its debris had been sent to return a bank afresh by ocean current after 7 years. Accordingly ' ocean clears ' the action is very needless. Accordingly ' ocean clears ' the action is very needless..
"In the past in 5 years, the research about marine and plastic rubbish is more than going 50 years to want. We had known now plastic if where,move in ocean. The key of the problem depends on preventing. 100 organizations are engaged in whole world know exactly about sth working relevantly. Plastic industry business just established an alliance, the decision throws 1.5 billion dollar to be used at trash processing, prevent plastic enter ocean, " Erichsen says, "Salvage rubbish in the center of ocean really without the person, because ocean is honest too big. According to our research, 0.00003% of the plastic products gross that the plastic rubbish that floats on offing occupies the mankind to make only. The plastic rubbish of great majority is by accumulation by the side of the coast. ' ocean clears ' the action dispersed actually the effort that rubbish of ocean of people beat back pollutes. Many capital is used at going up from fountainhead no longer control is plastic, motion of this counteractive to the whole world plastic pollution is a kind of harm. Motion of this counteractive to the whole world plastic pollution is a kind of harm..
Silaite says, "Ocean clears " sponsor did not get the influence of a boat failure. "Our main patron... in them a lot of it is entrepreneur and technologist, they know iteration develops a process is how one and the same. " basis " ocean clears " data, design, make, assemble " Wilson " , plus operation, firstly year expenditure is 21 million dollar.
