In the 200 old time that dominate in Qingchao, ever had had plain code actual price to buy an official to sell government-owned system, cry " contribute be defeated make " , as Qing Chaoguo force is abate, this kind is contributed be defeated make overrun finally. Between Guang Xunian, silver of 37 two 8 money can be bought 6 taste an official. Liaoning province archives was collected imprint between two Guang Xunian have " solid close " the receipt buying an officer of 3 big character, announced the history that clear government sells government-owned cuddle money the system.
" solid close " it is the receipt that buy an officer
Liaoning saves archives to store two to make clear is quiet day the receipt buying an officer between Guang Xunian -- " solid close " , circulate had had 100 old histories up to now.
These two archives look to show stale slightly, but handwriting of blue of the black-and-white on face of plain paper of weak cyan cotton and fill in with brush about buying an officer person full name, place is contributed amount and contribute the handwriting such as official position still clear and visible. Especially the official dips in with brush red write " row " the purple official that strokes ministry courtyard with Anhui make one's rounds imprints very marked.
Two original even if 61 centimeters, horizontal 32.5 centimeters. upper part has " solid close " 3 big character, stroke Wang Zhichun to sign and issue by Anhui make one's rounds, indicate respectively belong to " bring a word the 81st " " install a word to contribute inspect the 49049th " . Receipt is detailed account the name of the person that buy an officer calls Xiao Ce , the person that sell an official is " the head tastes a top to wear admire wear Lang Jian of serve of the Ministry of War in feudal China of yellow mandarin jacket examine courtyard is right deputy make one's rounds of Anhui of chancellery of general affairs of each country of drive history premier strokes a courtyard to carry warlord Men Keyong, namely Anhui make one's rounds strokes Wang Zhichun. Full page character is xylograph, arrange orderly, clarity easy differentiate, silver amount and inscribe time write for brush style or manner of writing, dignified and beautiful, fruity and elegant.
Liaoning saves archives history record to arrange Cheng Dakun of department section chief to tell a reporter to say, " solid close " also call " solid close " , it is the credential that silver of clear acting accept donates an organ, local government is after the money that gets the person that buy an officer to hand in or objective, should send the receipt that builds feudal official credential in order to make credential, imprint above write have " solid close " 3 words. In quiet day " abandon offer " also say " contribute be defeated " , it is the elegant statement of behavior of official position of quiet government business, the silver that pays certain amount namely or commissariat can win different diploma one's previous experience or official title. "Because Qingchao buys government-owned person a lot of, unite then printed the receipt that buy an officer, imprint concerned regulation in receipt clearly above. Quiet day evening, because the battle is constant, diplomacy is stranded inside, clear government finance is empty, ' abandon offer ' a when be regarded as to increase finance income important step. Come to be treated together, between Guang Xunian, qing Ting is to not hesitate more principal general take dozen fold sell, after the person that donate an organ hands in the silver of certain amount, hold the receipt that buy an officer to be able to wait to hold a post. " Cheng Dakun explanation says, "Nevertheless, sell an official the silver of income in those days, want treasury of turn over to the higher authorities of exactly the amount. Want treasury of turn over to the higher authorities of exactly the amount..
Xiao Ce sins after preemptive official
Speak of these two " solid close " antecedents, liaoning saves archives history record to arrange Cheng Dakun of department section chief to say, the of master Xiao Ce of these two receipt was born 1869, it is person of county of Changsha of government office of Hunan Province Changsha.
This receipt is the receipt that first time of of Xiao Ce of the party that buy an officer donates an organ a medium, the argument that from inside receipt knowable open abandons an official is for relieve the people in disaster. Cheng Dakun introduces, qing Guangxu 24 years (1898) , anhui phoenix in relief and other places produces flood, although clear government allocates funds,provide disaster relief, but the situation of a disaster still very serious, pinch of common people life, hold the position of Anhui make one's rounds to stroke at that time hold admire of prefectorial, emperor concurrently to give brave number " the Batulu that overcome brave " Wang Zhichun asks open to abandon offer to imperial achieve the inadequacy with money of compensatory relieve the people in disaster, give by different official level hit differently lose privilege. From inside receipt knowable, place of Xiao Ce contributes silver very few, have 32 only two 4 money, contributed an inspect to be born only by the regulation. Cheng Dakun says: "Clear government sets ' solid close ' what contribute silver to be able to be used at relieve the people in disaster only, cannot enter individual pocket. This kind of receipt resembles us today's recommendation is same, have counterfoil, and build a junction of the edges of two sheets of paper to imprint even. And build a junction of the edges of two sheets of paper to imprint even..
The time of the 2nd receipt is smooth mood 27 years in August (1901) , buy official and party selling an official or Xiao Ce and Wang Zhichun, and the cause that this open abandons an official is money of library of the Anhui province empty, issue pay to the soldier without money, wang Zhichun again open is contributed be defeated prepare pay. Cheng Dakun says, quiet day sets, if be 4 taste official of above real job to contribute accept to want to press 4 fold hand in show silver, 5 article contribute accept to press below 3 fold hand in show silver. The official that contributes toward this kind because of Qing Dynasty is backup official entirely is not real job, return a regulation so: If mention expressly on the receipt that abandon offer " encounter be short of fill first namely with " model of written characters, when the official position fall vacant that contributes namely, can instantly fill a vacancy holds the position of real job, should press most probably solid silver is handed in. Then, await backup Xiao Ce in Cheng Jing personally at that time again capture silver of 37 two 8 money, contributed " check of double month make one's rounds " duty, sent him again second year " check of double month make one's rounds " " solid close " receipt, so that will come,change charter by the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China.
After making check of backup make one's rounds, xiao Ce begins to develop in the seek on official career, laid the view development, chance is more give a day.
Be worth right now justice after moving with the group, aggression of arms of tsarist Russia clique is northeast 3 provinces, clear government acted according to day authorities to hold water technically to act according to day bargaining bureau, be in charge of negotiating with tsarist Russia matters concerned, had obtained empty to hold the 6 Xiao Ce that taste a top to wear to pass an activity, be by appoint bargaining bureau committee member. The 2nd year of summer, zeng Qijian of Cheng Jing's general is dealt with at northeast various to Russian bargaining general affairs, exert oneself to all handling affairs personnel undertakes commend, empty of of award desolate plan holds top of plume of 5 royal blue to wear.
" of this Xiao Ce begins act wildly against law and public opinion after the official. " Cheng Dakun is told, 1904, clear government because finance is difficult, a unit of length begins to sell uncultivated land in Fengtian. One becomes the Heibei person of food broker in battalion mouth Li Laozun is about to cheat buy uncultivated land, because buy moorland to need to firm famous person assures at that time, he finds Xiao Ce , by the family of Xiao Ce Wang Sheng is held forge " river of source of peach of company of king accreditation Li Sheng enrols Zasaketu of Xiao Ce of cultivate substation premier " calling card is accompanied. The government checks discovery is not put in peach source river to enrol cultivate substation, fraud by debunk, xiao Ce by boss with " show barren is ostentatious " hand in too bear heart county (Shenyang is mixed at that time name) official room guard, its buy government-owned receipt to be put at that time then in the archives of government-owned office. March 1938, the archives data that day bogus authorities will keep office of each district official builds up entirely " old record arranges the national library that give a day place " , this archives also moves this to save. After Shenyang is liberated, liaoning of brief of a case of archives of this batch of precious histories saves the library to receive, in Liaoning province archives is saved later up to now.
Source selling an official at encouraging esquire relieve the people in disaster
Cheng Dakun says, the corrupt system that buys an official to sell an official toward this kind in Qing Dynasty is regarded as to increase the lawful shortcut of governmental finance income.
Qing Jun is entered after closing, the policy of follow Ming Dynasty, the official position with the different award after allowing common people or official to hand in the silver of certain amount or commissariat or honor. Abandon government-owned system to execute this to plant better, clear government created standing body in the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China -- the room that abandon offer, full-time management abandons accept work.
As to the system that why can you implement this kind to buy an official to sell an official? Cheng Dakun tells a reporter, first start contributes clear government the original idea that accept sells an official, because some areas confront the natural disaster such as water, drought,be, the country can make to reduce a burden stricken people can get more quickly relief better at the same time, the esquire that to those having fund is willing to help a victim has money reward, give them an empty official, give money in order to encourage more taxi gentry to give food, form a system gradually later.
Sell an official to become finally blackmail
Cheng Dakun is told, arrived clear minor details, because the west is capitalist the aggression of big powers and farmer uprise are ceaseless, it is very difficult to cause clear dynasty finance, especially between salty good year, to raise money military expenditure suppresses the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.established by Hong Xiuquan during the Taiping Revolution. the largest of pleasant uprisings in China's history, adopted all sorts of method to sell an official to sell the rank of nobility, can hit even fold sell an official, encourage business civilian to undertake abandoning offer,
Later period, the Ministry of Revenue in feudal China dials each to save military supplies without the paragraph, allow each province leaves by oneself contribute. This cut, be like the flood definitely bank, cannot hold back, each district sells an official to make money in succession, cause government official team to expand quickly.
"But, donate the organ that come it is to be held for nothing mostly, silver of even if much capture contributes filling fact to be short of, the ability after also wanting to await a few years has opportunity investiture. " Cheng Dakun explanation says. Spend 2289 silver, contribute 7 taste the tip that knows a county to wear, come down person original find oneself is to be able to be mixed county too father be on an equal footing, but when prefectural full street knows to go in neighborhood, when the day of top Dai Ri of the member that know government office, way even meets, foil instead a true county too 8 power and prestige of father. Is empty held how comparable fact is short of? "Investment should say beneficial result, when investment of this kind of official circles cannot change the actual beneficial result that expects so, the market that abandon offer is unavoidable walk up ' Xiong Fu ' . " Cheng Dakun further explanation says, path smooth metaphase contributes one inspect to be born need silver 100 2, to Xian Feng 7 years (1857) need 17 two silver only, the person that abandons offer however not eagerly.
But the fall that huge military expenditure pay wages or salaries does not allow to contribute silver-colored amount, flaunt so then to abandon offer of one's own accord, began to become come to persuade to contribute or lead troops strap contributed, a lot of gentry business are awe-stricken the ascendancy of feudal official, be obliged to be contributed contribute again, go trading the yellow paper of official title of a few pieces of nominal with shining white silver.
"Contribute a class " the victim is common people
Cheng Dakun says, actually, buy an official to sold Guan Zao to appear in times of Qin Shi emperor.
According to " history write down " account, qin Shi emperor 4 years, "Locust is eastwardly come, my day, the world epidemic disease. The Su Qianshi inside common people, bai Jueyi class " . This is the earliest account that abandons an official. Arrived the Southern Dynasties, shen Yao " Deng Wan of · of book of the Song Dynasty is passed " in, "Sell an official to sell the rank of nobility " one word appears in annals first, handlers embezzles puplic money, the person that abandon offer in great quantities is disinvestment and cruelly oppress people, become one of matters that Liu Song Wangchao completes collapse finally. Again later, this one fraud politics gradually by call it by a good name of " contribute a class " .
After quiet day middle period, "Contribute a class " wind You Lie, reached unprecedented confused phase. Quiet day abandons class system only then the person that make tomb figure is Kang Xi's emperor. "3 Fan Zhi chaos " hind, have too many problems to deal with of finance of clear the court of a feudal ruler, to raise money military expenditure, kang Xi made the system that contribute a class personally, the person that let rich and rising all up gives money to buy an officer, in order to fill fiscal expenditure. Kang Xi knows very well contribute a class in hidden malpractice, added a lot of severe limitation measure when viewing calm system so. Quiet day " admire decides big clear conference to be in charge of " regulation: Official cent tastes 18 class, tasting namely, from taste, 2 article, from 2 taste 9 article, from 9 taste an official, from 9 taste the official beyond to say " did not enter stream " .
The one's previous experience of quiet government official shares 8 kinds: It is a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations, 2 for a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the Ming and Qing dynasties, 3 be born for tribute, 4 for shade unripe, 5 be born for inspect, 6 the member that make a living (namely scholar) , the 7 students that it is an official, 8 for official. The person beyond these 8 kinds of one's previous experience, in the Eight Banners full continent, Mongolia, Han Jun calls " disengaged " , the Han people calls pretty, one's previous experience of a successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level in the Ming and Qing dynasties of its Chinese a successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations, article person, the position is top, say for division armour one's previous experience, they and favour tribute, dial tribute, deputy tribute, actor tribute inspect of unripe, actor gives birth to inspect of unripe, favour He Yinsheng is called road, the others one's previous experience person if pass national high-ranking official protect lift, also can regard as road one's previous experience, and banner person enjoys a privilege, need not somebody is protected it is OK also to lift regard as is equal Yu Zhengtu one's previous experience. The person that Qing Chaotong is treated is in " admire decides big clear conference to be in charge of " in set what official position clearly that he must be held the position of by the person of division armour one's previous experience, what official position must by the person of road one's previous experience is held the position of,
This shows, contribute a class highest can buy only from 4 those who taste tell seat of government, and after buying an officer, still cannot assume office immediately, can become backup only, want to get real job is returned so that wait vacant. Return a regulation at the same time, official appear vacant when, must satisfy the official of division adduce body first, just be to contribute a class next. Come so, the officer that beautiful money buys it is a sky actually renown.
" admire decides big clear conference to be in charge of " return a regulation: "Every goverment office in feudal China should the person of battle, the man that divide a library, fight form, civilian strong still rank Qi Min, its yamen runner, Ma Kuai, pace is fast, ban soldier, door child, Gong Bing, Wu is made, grain difference and policeman battalion time battle, all be base service. " they these people are not gotten with fine person intermarriage, oneself and 3 generation descendants cannot attend imperial examinations to take an exam, also cannot donate an organ.
Original clear government sets to the official's one's previous experience and grade very severe, and the way that this one policy that abandon offer gives those imperial examinations goes the person that be illogical, opened an entrance door that moves toward official circles, they are to contribute first be born for inspect, contribute again on this foundation official position. Be like Xiao Ce , contribute first namely after be born for inspect, sign up for those who contribute check of double month make one's rounds again, increased oneself one's previous experience thereby. According to this course, the person that taxes an official in an endless stream. The talk is smooth 13 years (1833) , apology of calamity of place of straight be subordinate to, the government of 37 cities county such as Luan city persuades collect commissariat to differ to thousands of stone by hundreds stone, persuade to contribute money to differ to more than 10000 condole from 339 condole, only Tianjin one county, plan contribute silver to come 50 thousand beyond.
So do these people get an official hind how can you think method goes again claw common people and compensate oneself loss? Consequently final victim still is ordinary common people. Although clear government took many step to avoid the corruption that official punishs, if Yong Zhengchao begins to adopt system of the silver that raise cheap, but because Qing Dynasty is acting the official that abandons offer is too much, by inchoate contribute accept to develop to raise money for open of relieve the people in disaster only soldier's pay and provisions and open abandons offer, bring about a position to have 78 the individual is waiting in turn backup, even some people arrive all the time aged die of illness to also fail so that give real job, this causes more people to rely on in relation of official circles activity to hope for the dream of gauze of the black on early yen, all all these more the corruption that promoted clear Chao Lizhi, also accelerated clear dynasty oneself to move toward ruined footstep.
