19 centuries after 60 time, invade Hua Li to increase what spend ceaselessly as imperialist big powers, western missionary also is with a series of unequal treaties covering, large-scale the earth in invading, everywhere collect apprentice is numerous, build church, partial missionary lends machine pry information, forcibly occupy homestead, undertake the whole thing lawsuit, act wildly against law and public opinion, object strongly what aroused Chinese people, turn over ocean to teach a fight as one falls.
1900 around, erupted to meet what build on company base be main content in order to turn over ocean teaching in civilian secret eventually justice move with the group, they put forward in the fight " help Qing Dynasty up to destroy foreign " catchword. To safeguard oneself regnant, in January 1900, kind happiness mother of an emperor not considers western diplomacy personnel object, release safeguard justice with the group instruct aim. In June, justice with the group by and other places of formal admit Beijing, ferry. The point that group civilian place reachs, constant will a kind " Jie Tie " extensive paste, have propaganda paterial of a kind of image among them. The upper part of every picture is picture problem, the left and right sides matchs with word couplet, five color print are brushed, beautiful and marked, be similar to civilian traditional New Year picture, but a large number of use hyperbole, analogy, indicative wait for rhetorical gimmick, having more intense ideological content, critically sex, news sex and sense of humor than New Year picture, quite kind caricature. These Jie Tie caricature are very much the hand that comes from Zhouhan of person of lake Nanning countryside. Zhou Han (1843, 1911) one's early years is in Zun Zongtang assists in managing in Hunan army battalion Wu, preferment Shaanxi is backup path, "1884, he returns Hunan from battalion, manager Bao Shantang attends in Changsha. After Sino-French war, the gentry of official of colleague civil and military of he and hall of treasure be apt to people compose turns over ocean to teach a file, transcribe with all sorts of different name and form send out. [1] " anger at western church influence increasingly rampant, 1891 spring, the common picture that his print cuts overprint of red and black " day pig teachs " , appeal people rises jointly mutinous foreign enemy inbreaks. The agreement that at present keep comes down has more than 40 kinds. Caricature of this batch of Jie Tie is later justice use extensively with the group, tremendous propagandist agitate effect was produced in turning over ocean to teach a fight.
One, " ghost does obeisance to pig essence to pursue " (graph 1) .
This is the common caricature that Zhou Han transcribes " Catholic " a medium kind. Does or so both sides match: of couplet type character? Stop of っ of of of Mang of Lian of search of Wu Zhao grants? if mankind to give priority to face He Cun with day pig. " it is on the picture write on two backs have " cry (religion) apprentice " " call department (priest) " the Hesperian of model of written characters, worship on bended knees is before the big fat boar that tongue of blood of a green head, tail removes continuously, pay homage to. Religion is the stockpile of ethical culture psychology, because the history and culture setting are different, different people has different religion, its religion belief is colourful also, each other has difference. Accompanying opium, commodity and foreign gun ocean to prepare Chinese medicine by roasting it in a pan, after christian passes into China, have whole truth with a kind or already the madcap and superior move of end truth, repellent the Baalism of all other peoples, be opposite especially the Chinese's ancestor is sacred, to Lei Fengyu of life of heaven and earth of Chinese worship on bended knees, star, so that well of travel of door of agency of city of mountains and rivers-land is smooth,wait for the behavior of God, more flagrant. Its leave no stone unturned establishs the cross of its brightness in each hilltop that the ground attempts to be in China and each valley, all divine Dai in substitute Chinese mental view with christian. The clergyman that just rushs into Chinese country door people, numerous spirit of the countryman in wanting to continue to use the violent means of conquer China army to conquer more. They force a Chinese to hand over ancestral temple temple, fane and ancestor grave, build church here, think to be able to destroy the Chinese's belief so, establish the authority that has christian. Result, be just the opposite to what one wished, caused widespread dissatisfaction of the Chinese. The majesty that is defend ancient emperor, wise man, ancestor and deities and position, chinese people rises in succession object christian. Begin from teaching plan of green 1848 riverside, to 1900 justice stop with circular motion, the whole nation produces teaching plan more than cases 400 in all [2] . In the turns over ocean teaching Jie Tie that sends out in them, fair a call to arms and factum, almost every without parents, will give without the ancestor, the first charges in an indictment that serves as christian without deities reprimand. " does ghost do obeisance to pig essence to pursue " does the upper part of drawing deserve to be like below one Duan Shiwen: ? Sex of? of scar saute a stone needle used in acupuncture in ancient China extremely excessive. Wife and daughter of chancellery of every De Yaguo, all without exception by its excessive person. The wife of a prince as concubine of an emperor with alling over excessive monarch after, seek usurp the throng, chancellery achieve sends its blame, ligature buy cross, burn Gong Ding to nail. Cry several times, show pig form and die. Often enter the home of subject, excessive of do mischief travel, the woman hears a pig to cry, criterion clothes is solved oneself, listen to its excessive to finish, wake therefore. Because pig apprentice advises person week, yan of philander of easy gains of so as to. Alone certains on door step stone cross, criterion Wei of apprentice of pig essence pig and do not come. Tell the world fully hereby, know those who prevent. " will Catholic to the utmost demon is changed, look today probably very funny, but fall in the social culture environment at that time, mix with grass-roots knowledge however culture psychology conform to. Such Jie Tie caricature, it is the very significant conduct propaganda step that arouses the public to despise and be hated to christian undoubtedly.
Graph 1 week Chinese " ghost does obeisance to pig essence to pursue " download pursued formerly 1891
2, " sheep of behead ejaculation a pig pursues " (graph 2) .
This is first around justice was mixed 1900 all round the Jie Tie caricature that civilian place sends out. Be aimed at the reality that the foreign country inbreaks at that time, the imagination with rich have the aid of, behaved right " foreigner " detest, appeal Chinese unites to rise backstroke. The Chinese common people that is familiar with traditional opera is not new to promoting the appearance of hall conclusion, the nature of tendency of judge of some kind of value that permeating among them also can be them what to comprehend and be accepted, so this " sheep of behead ejaculation a pig pursues " regard composition of a picture as in order to rise a picture that asks behead frame. On the picture, as inspect behead Guan Yisheng makes fall, bow hand to be gone up to shoot by the pig body of ligature full arrow, the executioner also threw one lot. Work uses the homophonic skill in Chinese, "Pig " person, "Advocate " also, "Sheep " person, "Foreign " also. So called shoot " pig " behead " sheep " , every are being written on ovine body only " on the west " word, express be the west " sheep " , express to want to eliminate namely with Catholic the western aggressor that is trailbreaker. Is controlling what both sides couplet writes: ? Cling to? of Gong Fu washing with watercolors sees an alluring woman dare cry again not one knife of; behead sheep head, does survival asking domestic animal want to come? " read rise able to read aloud fluently of the sound of reading aloud, boldness of vision is extraordinary, seeing picture again is affording general satisfaction more. The form that work plan article cooperates, facilitating understanding and memory, thereby effectively eulogized justice the heroic lofty quality that fights to the bitter end with all enemies that the group dares to be the same as the Chinese nation, the political tendency with its patriotic anti-imperialist is very bright. In the picture, the official of quiet day neatlies arranged is " sheep of behead ejaculation a pig " directorial, it is leading role. Reflected in the graph justice use generally in fight process with the group " help Qing Dynasty up to destroy foreign " catchword, mirrorred at that time the contradiction of imperialism and the Chinese nation already extremely acerb, become the principal contradiction that minatory people lives, and the society that domestic class contradiction is in secondary and obedient position temporarily is actual. This uncovers post caricature, absorbed the certain element of civilian New Year picture, graph ballad is united in wedlock, straightaway, thematic concentration is bright, picture gout be overflowing with, no matter be to narrate mode, still be picture modelling, have full-bodied caricature characteristic, get through common people gets educational rate at that time low, analphabetic rate is extremely high and the transmission estrangement that bring about, attracted numerous audience read. Justice although be not,organize closely with the group, but take propagandist work seriously very much, caricature of all sorts of Jie Tie news that writing anti-imperialist folk song, stick full what place of v/arc civil corps arrives is urban and rural. "Be in not only Hunan is saved each downstream in each city county, the Yangtse River, be in even distant Gansu Province, Xinjiang, contend for photograph pass round for perusal, faddish temporarily. [3]102 " your the foreign aggressor at that time does it be terrified. Be these Jie Tie caricature is wide to circulate, what effectively drove the whole nation to turn over ocean to teach motion is rapid rising.
Graph 2 anon. " sheep of behead ejaculation a pig pursues " download pursued formerly 1900
3, " sheep of pig of be struck by lightning pursues " (graph 3) .
On the picture of this caricature, the deity that one Thunder God feels kind attacks gong to knock beat, erupt a thunder and bolt, hit below one a blaze smother, attack the pig sheep that is down a face. And the pig sheep below, hit in report of be struck by lightning under lie on the deathtrap. Be gotten on by knockdown ovine body, mark has " big on the west " model of written characters, meaning the aggressor to come from West, namely foreign ocean teachs. This uncovers post caricature to be on the depict of conception and figure figure, have distinguishing feature of grumous culture of Chinese folk folk-custom. The origin of Thunder God belief of Chinese folk is very old. " the east longitude of within the country of · of hill sea classics " in is depicted Thor form: ? Coat from body of dragon of? of consult of glad of food container apricot poll, rouse its abdomen, in Wu Xi. " 1 its " the east longitude of old be out of practice " say: ? Body of dark green of? of Bai Ci Min and without horn. " 2 from first the Qin Dynasty two Chinese case, the people gifts thunder the meaning with be apt to of punish evil raise, think Thunder God can differentiate world good and evil, acting day executes the law, attack kill guilty person, chair justice. Occupy textual research of art history expert Mr Huang Yuanlin, the Thunder God figure in the picture if " encyclopedia of 3 gods teaching search " in of appearance " gallinaceous form " force person, "Bewitching its head, rostellum its mouth, ala its two shoulders, left pointed right mallet, sufficient step 5 beat and rise. [4] " and the impetus mood that the picture describes, fill like Chinese generation king " theory judge · thunder empty piece " in what narrate: ? The shape of thunder of graph of? of of Ba Ji , if again and again pursues even form; of beat again one person, if Li Shizhi is allowed, calling Thunder God, made left hand is brought rouse repeatedly, the right hand pushs vertebra, be like the record that hit. Its meaning thinks thunder rumble person, discount even bosomy appearance attack (meaning) [sound] also; its soul is like the our person that crack like that, the tone that vertebra place strikes also; its homicide also, bring rouse photograph vertebra repeatedly, attack. The world believes again, mo Zhi calls otherwise. [5] " go up in picture design and artistic composition of a picture, caricature of this Jie Tie has its characteristic, with line model, colour apply colours to a drawing, those who apply is the expressional gimmick with extremely strong sex of adornment of traditional folk New Year picture. The upper part arrange of the picture is inscribed " sheep of pig of be struck by lightning pursues " , does both sides match: of couplet type ballad? ? of Yan of ⑻ of of of the that make reed smooth with a rake hibernated in Feburary Jing, ran in March; group ugly You Hun receives hell, the life when rain is used up, bewitching of the four seas is divided " . Have flavor of civilian ballad adage quite, facilitating reader understands, have build the action with atmosphere of apply colours to a drawing, encouragement. This caricature still contains the deities of dense and abracadabra colour, report goes out justice meet with round certain folk secret the primitive attribute of the company. Justice the main participant with the group is the careladen masses that is in social ground floor, poverty and unwisdom make their revolt struggles can the old method that uprise of follow past farmer uses cabal, adopt the kind that creates altar to develop an organization, drill Chinese boxing, attract masses. Be in justice in the development process with the group, contain colour of grumous occultism, barbaric creed, execration of the accord with that use a picture, ask a god to add a body to wait " art law " arouse masses, through extensive conduct propaganda " appendages of the execration that hold magic figures drawn by Taoist priests to invoke or expel spirits and bring good or ill fortune, deities " will invigorate, inspire will to fight. They send out all sorts of handbills, Jie Tie, with simple language and ballad form, undertake driving out the aggressor, conduct propaganda that defends a country [6] . Natural and unavoidable belt is a little superstitious and backward in these handbills and Jie Tie consciousness and blind and antiforeign mood, this from " sheep of pig of be struck by lightning pursues " clue also can see in Jie Tie caricature.
Graph 3 anon. " sheep of pig of be struck by lightning pursues " 1900 [P1] downloads original intent
4, " beware ghost plan pursues " (graph 4) .
Justice with the group it is long-term popularity originally in Shandong, straight be subordinate to (today Heibei) the civilian secret of one belt is met company, in 19 centuries end, develop those who be an impetus huge gradually with " help Qing Dynasty up to destroy foreign " for catchword, be in in the light of the west Chinese person and the large-scale masses force that Chinese Christian has move. Justice the initiative organization with the group justice use so with the fist establish accord with of altar, picture to ask the methodological secret such as the god to gather a crowd, adulterate to teach a letter in great quantities among them numerous " Achillean " ignorant composition. 19 centuries early years, open of western capitalism big powers is eastward when aggressive course, missionary also followings sb's heels and come, the missionary activity of missionary and the pace posture with western aggressive big powers are accompanied. Certain missionary comes to China, it is to holding the religious missionary purpose that loves Christian to bring a Chinese in the arms originally, so their actively evangelize, interpreter " Bible " , managerial school, open a hospital, undertake the activity such as social service. 19 centuries end, have the aid of a series of unequal treaties, western missionary is allowed in Chinese do missionary work to mix establish church organization. It is under exterritorial shelter, not simply churchly west clergy does not get clear government administer, general Chinese believer often also is obtained obtain churchly asylum. On the place, christian meeting often wait for all sorts of reasons because of difference of culture, custom, produce conflict with local people. The part is bad teach civilian people of place of bully and oppress, and local government often because of dread at church influence, not desire with foreigner oppose cannot impartially processing, lead to teaching plan to be therefore inevitable. Economy of place of Qing Mohua north goes bankrupt, disintegrate of record of traditional society program. In the times of social about-face, popular feeling in a state of anxiety, confused of all sorts of private meeting company rise, antiforeign psychology was obtained sufficient alimentary, church, religion numerous became the target that is hostile to with foreigner, foreign goods. Then, spread the rumor that spreading a lot of bespatter Hesperian socially, if say foreigner hospital digs child eye to make,confuse medicine, Abba to suck essence of male Tong Yang to wait with tailor-made appliance [7] , and common China common people has blind faith in this kind of hearsay all along, consequently everybody highs oneself, to Hesperian and Chinese brother hate sb's guts, all to the foreigner activity is wearing look upon of a kind of blinkers, foreigner and its activity become the pronoun of schemes and intrigues then. " beware ghost plan pursues " this caricature, mirrorred the general acknowledge that compatriots reachs its activity to the foreigner at that time adequately. With justice uncover post caricature with round other same, this caricature is similar to traditional New Year picture of China in formally, absorbed the gimmick of certain quality besmear of traditional Chinese painting again, use five color print to brush formerly, the upper part of the picture lists problem having a picture, does or so both sides deserve to there is couplet: ? Offspringing of archives of of pa a stone needle used in acupuncture in ancient China makes the same score? to persuade be of one mind of government-owned gent be the concubine, preliminary bank of one knife horizontal pillow. Ghost party full boat holds green hat, tell urban country cooperative, fast will crossed authentic rank before. " " Huang Jin " " green cap " " urban countryside " " government-owned gent ofs or by the concubine " " be of one mind " " cooperative " , in metrical go up with literal a matching of both sound and sense in two lines very carefully and nearly, the content of caricature news and form, extend the meaning and symbolic significance, be familiar with for civilian place, ethical characteristic is full-bodied, build the prestige momentum that gives a kind of the whole people to arouse, have powerful public opinion to condense a function.
Graph 4 anon. " beware ghost plan pursues " download pursued formerly 1900
5, " boat fan be of one mind pursues " (graph 5) .
Justice with the dispersive activity that ocean opposes to instruct folk the group for each district at the beginning of circular motion, the assemble becomes massive social politics campaign after, 1900 5, between June, if spring breeze bush fire is general China of set the prairie ablaze is northward greater part area, there are 4489 peoples to attend between month of a period of ten days, but not overmuch long blown apart by the wind and scattered like the clouds-separated and scattered, fall to pieces. Justice the rapid failure that moves with the group is repressive of cruelty of foreign big powers admittedly immediate result, but go up in certain level also the organization with its oneself, arouse to having close correlation with fight means. Be in justice in the development process that moves with the group, varied announce medium body once had produced main effect. The development that they facilitated to move not only expands, also decided miserable outcome of motion greatly. Justice with round conduct propaganda media substantially includes oral, implements, body and written language 4 kinds big. Uncover post caricature but classify its character kind in propagandist media. "Big chaos of the manners and morals of the time, destroy from be apt to, be of one mind into altar only foreign, ability rescues disaster to carry, this is justice another when publicize in numerous text with the group serious thought. [8] " a typical feature of mass movement is dimensions tremendous, number is numerous, the make concerted effort of all kinds of people becomes a concentration that drives motion to develop ahead ceaselessly to appeal to necessarily beg. " boat fan be of one mind pursues " reflected typically in content and formally justice this one feature that publicizes with circular motion. Chinese early when rise to all solidarity the system that provides some great power to having profundity admits. " Zhouyi " cloud: ? Bank sends ? its benefit to break the talk with golden homocentric; , its are smelly be like orchid. [9] " action appeal is with this in mass movement, arouse the inner self-identity of people easily. And the appeal of this kind of idea and boat, fan thing that has deep ethical culture to accumulate rises to arise more easily to arouse magically like union the effect. In myth of Chinese ancient time " flying boat " fokelore circulates in folk very wide, advance is acting " gleaning is written down " in had had " gigantic raft " dramatic narrative put down in writing, now somebody this is textual research the mankind's inchoate spacecraft conception. And " goose feather fan " in folklore, it is the manage state affairs that bring country more of preterhuman wisdom indicative, the hand shakes the Zhu Geliang of goose feather fan reachs its story widely known. " boat fan be of one mind pursues " " flying boat " , " goose feather fan " the appeal correlation that specific thing elephant and make concerted effort act consistently is in, the picture of caricature feels very vivid and clear, behavioral sex is very strong, be in what reveal before people to as if is one is in intense the wrestle on the water of the gunfire reaching the sky that have is killed, feel with violent scene to the person, cause people very easily surround watch and fix eyes on, cause thereby associate richly and affection is actuation. Add devotionally in folk hold below, this caricature news can produce result of enormous people interest group and social mood to arouse undoubtedly ability.
Graph 5 anon. " boat fan be of one mind pursues " download pursued formerly 1900
The motion of any of a mass character often needs ideological matting. Of clear minor details justice go up with circular motion and contemporary history " 54 " motion, " five " motion, it is latter-day since the nationalism of 3 big of a mass character of aggression of Chinese revolt imperialism is patriotic motion, among them " 54 " motion basically is the political dominion aggression that objects an imperialist, and justice move with the group and " five " motion is to reject the motion of imperialist politics, economy and culture aggression, duration is longer, the influence is more far-reaching. Justice indicating with circular motion the arousal of the Chinese nation consciousness on latter-day meaning, it is the excessive wine cup of Chinese latter-day nationalism. Justice with round Jie Tie caricature arises at intense fight period, although as justice the failure that moves with the group, these uncover San Yi of post caricature greater part, but it is driving mass movement respect to once was mixed with the propagandist agitate with its theme is bright, straightaway and too tremendous play constituent working, it is the objective history fact that nots allow to deny. Of the person that it is masterpiece with Zhou Han justice uncover post caricature with the group not only breed rich and colorful of various, content, and deserve to wait for folk art form with book of couplet, poetry, allegretto, storytelling to the accompaniment of stringed instruments more, the language is common, style of writing is humorous, style of writing is biting and acrimony, read able to read aloud fluently, audition pleasant to hear, circulate socially accordingly quite wide, the influence is thorough. " ghost teaching is blamed " one kind printed 800 thousand pieces, vacate sow numerous mouth, faddish temporarily, missionary of your each country does it be terrified. Germany is stationed in Beijing envoy to coerce goverment office in feudal China of Premier Qing Ting with respect to the propaganda paterial that once held Zhou Han personally, ask they penalize Zhou Han, dan Zhouhan by brief after arresting, be released again. 1897 winter, bay of administrative division of rubber of German forcibly occupy, zhou Hanjian at ethical crisis day deep, increase the fight strength that combats ocean teaching then, does he point out: in Jie Tie, ballad? Bai Yuanyong Chen embraces a street to thank? prosperous and strong kill so that become impoverished; not only person of do missionary work of have trade relations, anonym is itinerary armour of several endless; wants to seize me to build power, second thinks mineral products is swallowed together and " , his appeal people " bewitching of mew of bewitching of all general Jesus implement burn " , "And appropriate tries with all possible means, take strict precautions against bewitching ash recrudescent, bewitching root reappearance " [3]102-103. Need not dare not or would not speak up, these uncover post caricature to look today, have footing point of view probably manner of extreme, mood is disrelished hamly, even " containing a lot of coarse superficial, preposterous content " [10] , but this is the understanding limit that times place causes. The angle that develops from the history looks, these caricature propaganda paterial are in each district is wide to circulate, what undoubted effectively drove the whole nation to turn over ocean to teach motion is rapid begin. On artistic expression, jie Tie caricature is on the base of artistic expression skill of Chinese traditional New Year picture, complementary with hyperbole, indicative, be out of shape, suggestion, suggestive method, make satirize or humorous appearance, in order to realize satirize, disclose and publicize the effect criticallily, its art behaves gimmick to have the effect of some kind of forerunner to the development of Chinese recent cartoon, it is an important transition level. Accordingly, no matter be to be on phylogeny of Chinese politics conduct propaganda, still evolve in Chinese caricature art history on, it has proper historical place.
