[round-the-world science and technology]
Write Wen Ba Ba to draw gold of · J · (Barbara J. King) translate Zhou Wenjun (graduate student of Master of institute of science of Zhongshan university life, research direction is zoologic)
In July 2018, the female killer whale that the ceremony of keep vigil beside the coffin of an unprecedented lets a number be J35 (Orcinus Orca) the attention that drew a whole world. The name of J35 calls a tower to strap broadness (Tahlequah) , the killer whale group that it is in lives in ministry of Hainan of Sa benefit assorted (stand by American Washington city and Canada not to list bump Colombian coast) , this is a scientist pay close attention to closely stay house kind group. Through a year of pregnancy of half, j35 laborred the 2nd its child -- whale-calf of a female, this whale-calf also is this amount drop ceaselessly plant embryoes of group of the first work that come 3 years. But mere after 30 minutes, this whale-calf died young. J35 does not wish to abandon his child: It is the body top of whale-calf on the head, go again when the body drops go down to hold it in the palm afresh lift come up. The companion of J35 also sensed its distress mood: A flock of female killer whales are surrounded into a circle for the center with J35, this kind of behavior that stems from affection drain apparently lasted at least 2 hours. Be in next in 17 days, the body that J35 is asking whale-calf swam many meters near 1600, just abandoned it finally.
As a lot of animals, the killer whale can feel sadness.
Although the animal of great majority mourns behavior to happen between mother and child, but the case of newest discovery lets researcher realise, gregarious relation also can decide whether the animal feels sadness it seems that.
Ass
Get on the west
Monkey
Recent research discovers, ass, get the death that and monkey meet pair of companions on the west to show mood change.
How to define sad mood
The dead reaction to whale-calf lets J35 we realize, be not only the mankind just can feel sadness. Tens of year come, animal behavior learns the home to whether have the capacity that feels sadness to other species hold discretion manner. As the occurrence of new clew, the viewpoint of researcher also begins change. 6 years ago, I am in " scientific American " the relevant research about animal sadness mood introduced on the magazine, still be in budding phase at that time. Since then, the measure that this respect studies begins volatile growth. Among them a few case, for instance J35, more saw on the species body that invites us to be in these having to mourn behavior, more the detail that touchs popular feeling. Additional, still a few case discovered wailful act on other species body.
Discover these medley rise, we can ponder over the origin of sad mood. Before this, what funeral kisses is painful belong to the mammal with cerebral larger size only it seems that, namely spirit is long kind, elephant and whale pig kind animal. But new discovery shows the fact is not such. The mammal that cerebrum develops can mourn gone companion with more exquisite means, because they have higher logistic inference capacity,this is, and have more complex group socialization activity. New research discovers, the expression of sad mood does not depend on only the opposite size of cerebrum or cognitive ability. More and more researcher realize, the ability that forms affinity also is deciding some species to whether can be mourned congener.
Current, just just begin to the research of animal sadness mood, how should researcher still define the sad mood of the animal in the controversy. 2017, a grown female is gotten on the west (Pecari Tajacu) -- the mammal of pig of a kind of appearance resembling, also be called pig, the hill city that dies in American Arizona city Puleisikete is suburban, in the small group that it lives in to have 5 members originally. Be in next in 10 days, the other member of this group comes to here, forage around, sleep beside its body, protect the person that the body is not preyed to eat off. The behavior that these for a long time abidance was recorded by camera of induction of a wild animal come down. This camera is American pupil Dante De Kete's birthday present, he is in after discovering pig of a dies around oneself, was in camera installation on the side of the body. After a month, the science and technology that De Kete holds in the school showed the video of these animal behavior on the section. Be in at that time, he saw Puleisike is especially big learned biologist Mariana Aertelike is special. This accidental meeting, facilitate finally they 2017 the end of the year is in " animal behavior learns " (Journal Of Ethology) one is published on the magazine about getting on the west the paper of (the first author that De Kete is this paper) , also make a scientist new the definition that begins mood of discussion animal sadness and category.
De Kete puts watch for a chance in distance female to get on the west body 5 Mi Yuan's places, every other 30 seconds film video of 10 seconds. Camera altogether recorded 93 paragraphs to have get on the west the video of picture. Be in near in the time of the half, get on the west group the member inside is to be in all round the body inside 5 meters of limits inside stand or ambulate. In the time of more than 1/3, other get member contacted a body directly on the west. In certain moment, they show loiter, sniff scent, stare, the behavior of nibble body, still can try the body since arch even. Additional, they also can be tightened be next to a body to sleep, protective body is not eaten off by the outskirt wolf around. Be in near in the time of the half, two is get only is waited for all the time on the west by the body.
De Kete and other writer go out in paper middle finger, get what before the behavior of group should compare people on the west, think more complex, and they are opposite dead reaction and mankind and chimpanzee have similar place. Nevertheless, paper author did not unscramble these behavior for " lamentation " , because of them " cannot judge get whether does feel sadness on the west " .
On mammalian evolution tree, get a branch that belongs to an artiodactyl on the west. An artiodactyl still includes sheep and antelope. What the scientist still knows to the sad mood of an artiodactyl is very little. But, afore-mentioned getting the behavior of and I am in what published 2013 on the west " how does the animal feel sadness " (How Animals Grieve) the standard height be identical that set of animal sadness mood is in one book: The animal happens to remarkable behavior changes and show intense anguish when the companion dies. On different animal body, these behavior change include to take food or Morpheus is unusual, participate in social activity no longer, and an uneasiness is expressed through sound, countenance or limbs language around the body.
So, whether can we say for certain, get is mourning gone companion really on the west, is the common sadness that colony change brings about not just? We do not have such assurance. Sad mood depends on of individual to the animal action unscramble, but the true think of a way that cannot know an animal as a result of us, unscramble so make mistake likely also. On the other hand, get on the west group often small and close together, group member knows collaboration, and meet comb hair each other. These facts let us have to consider to get the possibility that group existence mourns behavior on the west.
Accordingly, clear term definition is the key that solves a problem. In nerve science domain, "Mood " (Emotion) it is the condition of a kind of body that shows by the outside stimulation is sparked, and " affection " (Feeling) it is a kind of psychosis that shows body status change is brought about. Look from the definition, affection is the experience on level of a kind of spirit actually. But I am used here " mood " this word, not be the sadness that says animal consciousness is less than him. Be in anthropologic with development psychology in a kind of commonly used academic frame, exciting to the outside processing can make perception and cerebra individual express his sentiment really, but this kind of sentiment generates in interacting with social boy or girl friend, because this can express a sentiment, often is those conscious animals. If researcher observes on sociality insect body,mourn behavior, for instance ant, termite or bee fall in the drive of chemical signal only, look for a body that buries a companion even, I will very open-eyed, because these behavior are conscious decision normally.
The wailful behavior of other animal
The behavior of afore-mentioned pigs makes clear, the ability that expresses sadness is not a consist in head to allow generous animal body to go up, other animal also can express sadness.
A paragraph of video presentation that films inside groove guard of foundation of Holand donkey grange, by the body of the senile hero ass that a flock of donkey surround in to fall on the ground sadly, give out to it fearsome resonant cry. 2018, I still received a report, the ass that says to one come from Canadian A Erbai tower to save FARRM animal groove guard only very sadness. The patriarch of groove guard Bei Lande of · of Si Difen Ni worries about Melissa Fuli and volunteer to call Lai this graceful domestic ass very, died because of another ass that lives 3 years jointly with it. At that time, that ass that is called Jackie already 32 years old, and fell ill, so vet undertook euthanasia to it. Went up when body lid of Jackie when repellent awaits bury, lai graceful tear off repellent. "Make evening, lai is graceful it is over there revolve, do not wish to leave, " not in recollect with Beilande, "The following day when we bury Jackie, it follows a body to go to the side of the hole that we dig, earth of the dig before the graveyard that several days of Dou Zaijie overcome in succession, neigh all night cry. Lai is graceful do not wish to leave even go take food or drinking water. Lai is graceful do not wish to leave even go take food or drinking water..
This paragraph of description makes me wet orbit. Be in next a few weeks in, lai is graceful gradually good rise: It resumed groovy food and drink and begin to seek the company of other companion. Perhaps, accompanied that paragraph of time beside outstanding gram body to help Lai graceful. Be in groove guard, zoo and in process of vet make a diagnosis and give treatment, more and more animals are allowed to accompany gone companion, this is an application that animal sadness studies.
Salisi Xiatewosi is to rest name of Home Si Duiyi is " the friend of life " (Friends For Life) the patriarch of animal shelter holds standing director concurrently, she says ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo) same meeting shows sad sentiment when the companion is gone. In 6 weeks inside, 4 ages that Xiatewosi raises are in 7~8 year old female ferret dies entirely because of sealed disease, two ferret that die finally are small pink and Effie. At that time, adrenal illness of Effie is already special and serious, then Xiatewosi arranges vet to undertake euthanasia to it in the home. Before that, small pink still searchs her already gone associate desperately in house. When vet begins to undertake euthanasia to Effie, the reaction of small pink is very intense. "It is squeezed between the hand of vet and Effie, " Xiatewosi tells me, "When vet wants to listen to Effie's heartbeat, small pink is gotten stethoscopic below, licking Effie's ear. It relies on by Effie to lying to be not moved finally. " moxa humble postmortem in two many hours, small pink was not moved again. The following day, small pink also dies because of heart failure.
These year come, I still receive a report to say, magpie and Canadian wild goose also can show strong sad sentiment when the body that discovers companion or spouse. Because young cub dies,I still had heard milk cow, or because young cub is in,be taken away, also meet special sadness.
However, not be the response that when animal of avery kind of faces death, makes can count " sadness " . In myself home, ha Li is the cat that is come back by deliverance only. The cancer that got on a kind to cannot be cured contracts in Ha Li hind, I and husband undertook euthanasia to her, the job that after filming it dies, produces. On the clearing of an inclose outside house, the little sister that living to include Ha Li triumphant Li inside 6 cats. We the body ground Ha Li, filling up with the dress. Have a few cats walk over observation and smell heard a body, dan Kaili is done not have. It sits motionlessly beyond, after other cat leaves, the body that staring at twin elder sister all the time looked for ages. It cries without wail, the meeting when unlike has some of cat dog to die in the companion does in that way. So, is triumphant Li being mourned? Be based on their affinity, I may think so, but cannot affirm again, because I am done not have,on triumphant Li body observation assumes a post why to mourn evidence apparently.
Occasionally, other explanations may be more convincing. 2017, the Jonathan Davis of Lan Daofu of city of Zhu Sai of American horse Sa filmed a paragraph of video, show a flock of feral turkey the body round a cat. Video is in net get angry later, a lot of netizens guess, do this calculate be cross species touchingly to mourn a ceremony? Dan Ye gives birth to animal researcher to express, a kind of more possible circumstance is, these turkey are the curiosity that stems from pair of body instinct, just surround into observation of circuit close quarters.
Human relations in society and sad mood
These newest discovery, increased existence to mourn the sort of the species of behavior not only, still let us understand an animal to form the gregarious environment that mourns culture. 2018, be in England " collect of B of royal society journal " (Royal Society B) on the magazine, watson and loose Zezhelang discover the · of I of · of F of · of the Er that overcome Lai of institute of primate of Japanese Kyoto university, the case of the reaction of great majority mammal to death is concerned with the death of mother and child. But, also have a few interesting counterexample.
In primate, close gregarious relationship can arouse strong mood reaction more than kin sometimes. 2011, in assorted of Zambia Qin Fen wild animal Yo in young garden, 9 years old of male chimpanzee that are called Thoms only die at acute lung to affect. Subsequently, in the group other by the body that 43 members come to to Thoms, keep quiet in major while, this follows simian kind good the nature that alter is completely different. 2017, scotland Shengandelusi Fan Luowen of · of C of · J · is in the Edwin of the university " scientific report " (Scientific Reports) a paper was published on the magazine, mentioned the special response that two associate of Thoms make. The male chimpanzee that calls Pan only and Thoms concern close, it comes often to the side of Thoms. After one's own mother is dead, thoms is brought up by the female chimpanzee that is called Nuo Er only grown. After Thoms is dead, nuo Er did a business that never observes on chimpanzee body before this: It is used it is Thoms by the tool of careless make it clean tooth. When other chimpanzee is enticed to leave by the fruit that the staff member loves with them, nuo Er stayed. After 20 minutes, thoms' body is discovered by the staff member and move went, accordingly we cannot be informed this one behavior to be able to last originally how long.
Other the case of the sad mood that concerns about be not Mu Ying comes from the primate with a few more further concern of as close as us predestined relationship. 6 years ago, I notice, show without evidence the monkey can express sad sentiment almost at that time. Nowadays, this one circumstance has been changed -- researcher observed on common Rong and body of Ba Bali macaque wailful behavior. 2016, the Yang Bin of institute of Chinese Shaanxi animal and colleague announce, they observed of area of mountain of the Qin Dynasty plain golden monkey (Snub-nosed Monkey) the reaction behavior to dead companion. At that time, golden monkey of a female drops from the tree, the head bumps on a stone, sufferred serious injury. When it is lying, monkey group other monkey is surrounded beside it, "Take care of attentively " it, lasted a hour. "They are looked attentively at and smell hears its face, cuddle is worn it is its manage wool, play its hand gently, " Yang Bin and other writer are described so in the paper. When other monkey group when a in young monkey and the male monkey that just grew up only try to be close to wounded female monkey, monkey group li of cry that exclusive male monkey issues alert. After female monkey is dead, this only male monkey feels mother monkey repeatedly, play her hand. Male monkey left after 5 minutes, but the following day it is taking clever boy again group the place that returned female monkey to die (in those days, the body of female monkey has been studied by assistant bury) . Since female monkey comes to monkey 3 years ago group, this only male monkey established firm relationship with it.
Will look according to the progress that at present animal sadness mood studies to obtain, still a lot of secrets had be notted open. E.g. , what element decided a species whether feel sadness, to it all sorts of relevant hypothesis need more examine. 2018, italian blame seeks profits orgnaization " whale pig biology and child care " Qiaomoni Beierqi is in association chairman " zoologic " (Zoology) a paper was published on the magazine, promoted the research of this domain. Bei Erqi and colleague arranged 1970~2016 carefully year an all published descriptions pig crossing whale kind individual " attend body behavior " (Postmortem Attentive Behavior, PAB) paper. Have already inside this feral, also have the whale pig that is captured kind individual. Happen in the animal that is captured only on individual body, not was in the case that wild animal observes on individual body criterion not by plan into. These " attend body behavior " include to take care of, hold in the palm cite companion body, taking body go from place to place. In some " attend body behavior " in case, certain and individual meeting tries renascent and gone companion, still a few case accord with the standard that mourns behavior apparently, count the unusual action of the day continuously for instance. Bei Erqi's research points out, in 88 whale pig kind in species, the species of near 1/4 has " attend body behavior " , and great majority (92.3% ) belong to dolphin division, include dolphin, killer whale and navigate whale inside the whale pig with a few relatively lesser bodily form kind animal. And on the other hand, in the suborder that need whale, pig of a kind of this when be called to need whale normally namely large whale kind go up personally, the scientist did not observe any " attend body behavior " . Interesting is, compare with the photograph that need whale, the cerebral size of dolphin division animal is larger, good-fellowship is stronger also. This offerred a new way to study animal sadness mood, namely the species of close of relation of close predestined relationship of trade off study is right dead reaction.
In 30 years of in the past, the sad action of the animal is otherer than what I had written the heartstrings that any topics can touch me more. Why to say so? Because study the sad mood of different species lets us understand, show strong sentiment to dying congenerly and blame mankind is particular, other sociality animal also is such. They build a human relations in society, it is to live and multiply not merely far. Understand this, will conduce to we and nature establishing connection. But, besides suffer the mental torment that parts with friend or spouse, whether does the other species beyond the mankind understand lasting sex of death? They whether the death that predicts oneself? The scientific evidence that I do not know to solve this one problem whether be found, but the progress that learns research as behavior, we can clear up what animal to know sadness probably, and the generation of sad behavior needs what requirement.
(this domain article by " round-the-world science " magazine company offers sketch)
" bright daily " (on April 4, 2019 14 edition)
