Zhang Chewei Zhang Shibin
Population of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and labor economy institute
Summary: Work reward occupies GDP proportion to drop is the heat problem that current whole society pays close attention to. The article is collected and use since 1978 data, since specific research and analytic reforming and opening our country this one proportional fluctuant state. Pass through according to international method, the article undertook adjustment to data of Chinese work reward, result discovery, occupy GDP portion to appear to drop significantly with reward of the work before adjusting different, portion of reward of the work after adjusting maintained relative stability inside the major while since reforming and opening, begin to appear to drop apparently in the last few years merely. Our country the first time the problem that income allocation pattern exists is not work reward those who hold GDP proportion drop, however level of this one scale passes for a long time low, the first time income allocation pattern was immersed in a kind of low-level steady state it seems that. Work reward holds GDP proportion low it is a kind of income that goes against laborer allocates pattern, how to turn round this one income to allocate pattern, raise worker pay to be in the first time the proportion in allocating is China the great and real problem that economy will be badly in need of solving in development process henceforth.
Keyword: The first time portion of work of income allocation structure is low-level stable
One, foreword
Our country is lying at present in quick industrialized procedure, while economic high speed grows, the first time the trend that income allocation pattern appeared to go against laborer however, a lot of research show pay of our country worker occupies GDP portion to present downtrend. Bai Chongen, Qian Zhenjie (2009) divide with countrywide worker pay with clean GDP (total GDP deducts only indirect tax) scale will represent labor share, think it from 1995 59.7% drop 47.3% 2006. Li Daokui (2009) divide with worker pay represent labor share with total GDP, think China works portion from 1990 53% drop 2006 40% the left and right sides, they still think portion of the labor inside international limits and economic progress level exist " U " model relation, and China is lying the interval of be issued to lower levels of this one curve, this means Chinese labor portion to still will continue to reduce. Luo Changyuan, Zhang Jun (2009) think China works portion from 1995 the peak value of 51.4% drops to 46.2% 2003, and dropped quickly 2004 to 41.6% , at present far under world most nation 55% , the level of 65% .
Did Chinese work reward occupy GDP portion to appear to drop significantly really? Although so far the answer that research gave affirmation to this, but because existing following a few problems, these dependability that study conclusion are inadequate, work reward occupies GDP portion to whether give now to fall and appeared why to be planted of degree drop the problem that remains a need to study further.
Above all, from the point of the business accounting to work reward, these research basically are used directly from " Chinese statistic almanac " and " 1952-2004 year data of history of Chinese countryman economic accounting " wait for gotten data, did not occupy according to the caliber logarithm that can compare on international undertake adjustment, and these profit that often included land or capital in certain period without adjustment work reward data, these partial behoove that do not belong to labor element contribution by eliminate, but existing research was not done so, the conclusion that reachs accordingly cannot reflect work reward to take the actual state with GDP fluctuant portion apparently. Next, existing research holds GDP share to work reward of fluctuant circumstance make an on-the-spot investigation be confined to shorter time paragraph, basically studied the fluctuant situation since 1995, and the first time income allocation pattern is a need from longer the macroscopical economy that period inspects is variable, the conclusion that relies on fluctuant circumstance of more than 10 years to reach only is obvious not sufficient. Should understand China well and truly the first time the fluctuant feature of income allocation pattern and rule need to use exacter work reward data not only, and also need from longer time paragraph aspirant travel makes an on-the-spot investigation.
The article is collected and use China pay data works since 1978, attempt from longer time paragraph on to China the first time the feature with income allocation fluctuant pattern and rule undertake comparative detailed research, this also is research what place of this one problem can use is the longest length. In the meantime, allot the fluctuant state of pattern for element of can more accurate knowledge, the article passes through according to international the method undertakes adjustment to data of income of Chinese work reward, in dividing data, get rid of does not belong to the contribution of labor element, adjust the difference of around through comparative data, the article discussed our country the first time the problem that income allocation exists. The article next content arranges as follows: The 2nd part introduces origin of work reward data to reach its to adjust a method, the 3rd part adjusts around through comparative data the first time the fluctuant state of income allocation pattern, whether did reward of answer China work occupy GDP pay portion to appear to drop? The 4th part is right the first time income allocation pattern changes place shows the low-level stable feature that come out to undertake preliminary analysis; Finally is main conclusion.
2, the magnanimity of work reward and data are adjusted
(one) the magnanimity of work reward
In market economy, factor of production wins corresponding pay by contributive size or income is the significant step of market configuration resource, such, the means that wealth of society gets working pay, capital obtains profit, land to obtain land rent through laborer came true the first time allocate, work reward holds GDP proportion is the main index that measures this to allocate pattern to change. Here, because give the income that work and gains,alleged work reward is laborer. From the point of the definition, if the income of capital and land is self-evident,work reward does not include other essential factor, but when a few laborer not be the person that employee is employed oneself however when, how to calculate work reward income became an issue. Generally speaking, the pay of employee is calculated very easily, according to the explanation of U.N. , employee pay is the redound that to employee charge for the making of sth. of the place inside business accounting period makes, it is the cash that the enterprise pays employee or objective pay amount; But, the income that receives from the person that employ is mixture income however, include labor pay not only, still include capital sex income or land profit, how to manage the income that place of other factor of production should gain the eliminate in sexual income to become the difficult problem that must tackle in business accounting of national income account from the person that employ oneself.
In inchoate research, a lot of people are calculated merely to go to the lavatory the work reward income of employee. For example, keynesia (Keynes, 1939) , Braun (Brown, 1952) the salary that average employee considers only when computational work reward, both neither considers the work reward of the person that employ oneself, also take no account of the monetary reward of professional technology personnel and controller. Very apparent, this kind is calculated only the true condition that the practice of employee work reward cannot reflect reward of the work in national income account, how to work what wait for laborer from personnel of the person that employ, professional technology and entrepreneur pay also is brought into coming in is a problem that must solve. Think commonly, in entrepreneur and the income of the person that employ oneself, the part belongs to work reward, the part belongs to capital income. Johnson (Johnson, 1954) the reward of work of 2/3 put under entrepreneur income and farmer income, 1/3 puts in capital sex income 's charge, this kind of method is accepted extensively.
Because the developing country is employed oneself person the amount is huge, whether to calculate the impact that the work reward of the person that employ oneself holds GDP share to work reward is very big. Ge Lin (Gollin, 2002) think scale of obtain employment of developing country agriculture is general taller (majority belongs to domestic laborer) , and the person that branch of industry and commerce also exists to be employed oneself in great quantities, only the labor portion that the computational method of reward of work of business accounting employee underestimated a developing country badly, it is to bring about a developing country labor portion is apparent the main reason under the developed country. From eye antecedent condition looks, on international be opposite generally entrepreneur and the income of the person that employ oneself undertook adjustment, in order to mirror its real work reward. The management income of the person that the key of problem of work reward business accounting is absent to be employed oneself at whether wanting to be opposite undertakes adjustment, how to undertake adjustment however.
(2) of work reward data commonly used adjust a method
Exist on international at present a variety of is opposite of worker pay adjust a method (see a table 1) , these methods have its actor drawback each. From theoretic tell, "Raise method " can compare accurate ground metric the capital sex income of the person that employ oneself and labor income, but need two postulate, it is the microcosmic data of full and accurate, include the information such as degree of laborer industry, sexual distinction, age, education and working hours; 2 it is rate of higher labour market unifinication, if the labour market is broken up serious, the income function difference of the income function of the person that employ oneself and employee is big, the labor income gap of the similar employee such as the person that employ oneself and sexual distinction, age and education is likely bigger, the work reward of the person that the retort with challenging questions of employee work reward that raise method computation gives is employed oneself with accurate delegate. Method of abdicate agreement writing basically is opposite according to its American agriculture department and the research that are not entrepreneur of door of Ministry of Agriculture and income of the person that employ oneself, stronger direct sense is had when home of computational industrialization state enterprise and the income of the person that employ oneself, but need to be treated carefully when using its share of metric China labor. The 1st kind of method of Ge Lin is the method that bureau of Chinese country statistic uses (the worker pay data that did not adjust namely) , it a person that employ oneself is all income plan enters work reward, the developing country of data of income of the person that this kind of method is employed oneself to those lack has certain sense, but apparent oversight the capital in managing income from the person that employ and land income; The 3rd kind of method of Ge Lin assumes the work reward of the work reward of the person that employ oneself and employee is same, it is actually " raise method " , do not suit China apparently. Chinese urban and rural difference is big, the labour market is broken up badly, farmer net income is far under town worker, the work reward that represents urban and rural SOHO and farmer with worker pay will be serious the work reward of overmeasure China farmer.
In view of the actual condition of the actor defect of all sorts of methods and China, the article compared Johnson to adjust the 2nd kind of method and Ge Lin to adjust a method, result discovery, method of abdicate agreement writing and reward of work of the person that methodological calculative China employs Ge Lin oneself special close. According to method of abdicate agreement writing, the family of the farmer has 2/3 to belong to work reward in management income, 1/3 belongs to capital (land) all; According to Ge Lin the 2nd kind adjusts a method, china the 2nd with income of 3 industries labor and capital income than also be about 2: 1 (labor portion is 40% much, company profit share is 20% much) , so, also be 2/3 belongs to work reward in income of the person that employ oneself, 1/3 belongs to capital and land. The article is consequently main to the adjustment of data of Chinese work reward the basis makes an appointment with writing abdicate method, namely urban and rural the 2/3 in the management income of the person that employ oneself belongs to work reward, 1/3 belongs to capital gains.
(3) the adjustment to data of Chinese work reward
The work reward data that gets from afore-mentioned origin is in not contemporaneous statistical caliber difference is bigger, caliber also has experienced the statistic of pay of urban and rural worker a few times to change likewise, if use different statistical requirements to come pay of business accounting worker, will reach true, reliable labor portion changes hard the rule, this needs what caliber of nuclear cipher out unites to be able to compare sexual work reward. Additional, consider to often indicate share of reward of work of our country agriculture before exceptionally tall, exceed 84% on average, the 1 times above of portion of reward of work of dispute farming department. Because the management income of the farmer is to work by statistic,this basically is pay income be caused by.
Pay of our country worker basically has two places to need to adjust. It is the management sex income of the farmer. Couplet of doer law court of our country country is produced since 1978 contract system of job responsibility, the farmer belongs to the typical person that employ oneself, its family manages income to the part comes from capital and land, but national statistic bureau the farmer all management sex income plan enter work reward. Consider Chinese farmer amount is extremely huge, this kind of method works serious overmeasure agriculture portion, then portion of total labor of overmeasure whole nation. 2 it is town SOHO manages sexual income. 1978-2003 of national statistic bureau year town SOHO management income calculates work reward entirely, sexual income manages his to delimit entirely again after 2004 for capital sex income. As a result of SOHO of the town after reforming and opening management sex income grows rapid, town individual management sex income calculates work reward to work overmeasure whole nation entirely portion, and calculate its capital sex income to be able to underestimate countrywide labor portion again entirely.
Considering different period farmer the statistical requirements of work reward differs, the paper adopted discriminating to adjust pattern. 1978-1984 year origin of farmer net income divides family of the income that in be being managed to be united from collective, gains, income that gains from economic combine, farmer to manage income etc income (leasehold sex income) . Leasehold sex income does not belong to the category of work reward undoubtedly; And like domestic management income, inchoate farmer consolidates the income that receives via battalion and economic combine from collective also is a kind of mixture income, included capital and land profit. Accordingly, in computational 1978-1984 year when peasant labor reward, paper get rid of is managed besides farmer market decency and the capital in economic combine income and land accrual, adjust means to remain 2/3 to put in labor 's charge all, those who remain put in land and capital 's charge all. Cent of farmer income source is management income of worker pay, family, belongings and move sex income after 1985, the paper is being calculated the farmer after 1985 adjusts farmer family to manage income only when work reward, the salary sex income of the farmer does not grant to adjust. Town is individual management sex income also is used adjust a method similarly.
4, existence problem
The purpose that adjusts as a result of data depends on reductive and real work reward income, so, the data after adjusting can be mirrorred more the first time the feasibility condition with income allocation fluctuant pattern. The circumstance after be being adjusted from data looks, our country the first time income allocation pattern basically maintained relative stability. Accordingly, since reforming and opening the first time the main feature with income allocation fluctuant pattern is not work reward occupied GDP portion to appear to drop quickly, work however the absolute level that pay holds GDP share is too low, develop the developed country of level under likeness greatly.
From the point of the development experience of the developed country, reward of the work in quick industrialized procedure occupies the fluctuant or of GDP portion to keep stable on Gao Shuiping, this also is " Kaerduote collects a fact " describes condition, or carries ascendant state until tend on higher level stable.
Specific say, the wave motion of the share that pay of the worker in process of developed country industrialization holds GDP presents the following sort model. It is the Gao Shuiping that is a delegate with the United States stability. 1850-1920 year, american worker pay holds GDP proportion slight between 69%-76% wave motion, british 1856-1913 year a labor portion (the salary of employee, pay and the proportion that take national income from the worker pay of the person that employ) also maintain between 52%-57% . 2 be rise what be a delegate with Korea quickly model. Korea from 20 centuries 50 time metaphase began fast industrialized process, labor portion also from 1955 30.1% 60.6% what rise quickly to 1993, rise more than 1 times. 3 be rise what be a delegate with Japan steadily model. At the beginning of 20 centuries since, change of Japanese economy society is tremendous. In this process, although labor portion is slight during World War II,drop, but Japanese labor portion shows progressively ascendant trend on the whole, from 1915 55% 67.1% what rise to 1960, rose 12.1 percent. As similar as Japan, the labor share 1970 reachs at the beginning of 20 centuries of Canadian also appear to rise steadily trend, its labor portion from 20 centuries first 49% rise gradually the 60% above 1970.
Compare with the experience photograph of the developed country, the labor portion in Chinese industrialized process is apparent on the low side. American 1850-1920 year a labor share is average for 76% , taller than China 30 many percent; When acting 1950 Korea begins industrialization, labor portion even under China, to 1970 Korea labor portion is 41.4% , with China era comparatived roughly 1980, as Korea labor portion promotes quickly, to 1990 Korea labor portion should compare Chinese tower above 15 percent; Japanese labor portion was 1910 55% , japanese labor portion was achieved 1960 67% , and China 1978 - the labor portion 2007 is in only 39% - 46% between wander, the difference of portion of the labor in process of two countries industrialization pulls bigger more. Since reforming and opening, what Chinese work reward holds GDP share is fluctuant was immersed in a kind of low-level steady state it seems that.
The essential feature that Chinese work reward takes GDP portion to maintain a level to stabilize demonstrative China economy does not have hair rooted nature to change in going 30 years, these essential features also are a decision why Chinese work reward occupies GDP portion to not was in in that way like Japan and Korea ascendant main reason appears in quick industrialized procedure. Specific in light of, closely related a few such essential features of the low-level stability that work reward holds GDP share and Chinese economy.
It is the shunt feature of Chinese economy. With its he has realized industrialized country to differ, china is not a country that implements market economy all the time, however a country that transfers to market economy from planned economy, this kind transfers to still was not finished till now, the mechanism that a few mechanisms of planned economy period decide to element income allocates pattern especially still is in effective. Below planned economy system, the product demands exceeds supply, the country expands to develop national economy and execute restrain consumption, enlarge accumulated policy, worker income is not its real work to pay, the proportion that work reward takes national income is depress. Since reforming and opening, in the course that builds system of socialist market economy in compose, the income of planned economy bequeath allocates a mechanism to still be in effective, decide the mechanism of reasonable growth returns worker pay to was not formed, the pay that worker income reachs contributes photograph comparing with its by greatly depress. For example, 1978 - labor productivity of our country industry grew 6.4 2006 times, the average wage of department of industry of the corresponding period increased 4.9 only times, the increase rate of labor income is slow the increase rate at labor productivity. Accordingly, work reward growth is relatively slow, decide the mechanism of reasonable growth has not form salary, it is to cause work reward income to hold GDP share the main reason of low-level stability.
The 2 level sex features that are Chinese binary economy. China is put in apparent binary economy feature, although rural labor is ceaseless,to town blame farming branch is transferred, town changes speed to be accelerated ceaselessly, but this one process is far did not end, rural labor still will be to the move of blame farming industry inside quite long period of time go down continuously. In such development phase, the salary standard of blame farming laborer does not depend on its limit labor productivity, decide by the income of door of Ministry of Agriculture however, because want the agriculture of salary prep above of blame farming branch only,the income of obtain employment can continue attract rural labor to be transferred to blame farming branch. Price scissors of industry and agriculture exists since China is long-term, value of agricultural labour force is inferior, the salary of the rural able-bodied person that changes blame farming section from this is relatively inferior also. The peasant worker pay that changes obtain employment of blame farming industry is maintained all the time before 2003 control in 600 yuan, did not grow almost; And arrive from 1978 2003, growth of labor productivity of blame farming industry is very rapid, year all achieve 6.2% , the growth of labor productivity fails to bring salary synchronism to rise. Since 2003, although the farmer is versed in wages increases speed to be accelerated somewhat, from 700 multivariate go up 1400 yuan, but still greatly the growth rate under labor productivity of blame farming branch, laborer especially broad in level of income of low income worker low, growth is slow it is to cause work reward to hold GDP share the another main reason of low-level stability.
The 3 structural sex features that are Chinese economy. 1978-2007 year the phase that is Chinese rapid industrialization, agricultural industry gradually to other industry, especially tertiary industy move, but the structure transforms and go against labor portion to promote, because the labor portion of door of Ministry of Agriculture is apparent prep above the 2nd, tertiary industy, industrial structure from agriculture to the 2nd, 3 industries move won't increase total labor share not only, still will drop total labor share. Specific say, because portion of labor of the first industry is compared the 2nd with tertiary industy average tower above 50% , economic structure every transfer a percent to blame farming industry from agriculture, will bring about countrywide labor portion to drop more than 0.5 percent.
The influence that the method that we can use structure of industry of changeless base period will come to study industrial structure changes to labor portion fluctuates (express 6) , research discovers 1978-2007 produces per year estate construction to change is the main factor that causes countrywide labor portion to change, and go against laborer on the whole. If industrial structure maintains with 1990, china the labor portion 2002 will be 47.7% , than working actually in those days portion (43.7% ) 4 tall percent; In the meantime, from 20 centuries basically 90 time begin to produce the industrial structure effect to countrywide labor portion later, 1978-1990 year an industrial structure is fluctuant relatively lesser to the influence of labor portion.
Besides economy of afore-mentioned a few China outside the influence of inherent characteristic, work reward holds GDP share low-level stability is returned and closely related two such elements. It is the type that the technology in economic growth progresses, the 2 influences that are capital globalization.
Above all, although China is the country with resourceful labour force, but China is outspread without occurrence labor model the technology progresses, contrary, appeared however capital dilate progress, this is a technical progress means that goes against work reward portion to rise. Generally speaking, progress of labor dilate technology makes rate of growth of investment of the work in production rapid increase rate at capital, labor share raises the possibility, and progress of capital dilate technology drops labor share likely. The correlation that we can pass labor portion and labor productivity will judge the type that the technology progresses since Chinese reforming and opening roughly. Of labor productivity rise to may result from already of capital of worker labor power and skill level rise, result from possibly also the corporeal capital such as new machine, new facility invests, if positive closes between labor productivity and labor portion, we think the growth of labor productivity basically results from the promotion of worker ability, laborer should win more get one's own back from which, criterion technical progress attributes progress of labor dilate technology; Conversely, if labor productivity and labor portion show negative to close, can think the growth of labor productivity basically results from corporeal capital invests, capital should carry high school to win more get one's own back from labor productivity, criterion technical progress attributes progress of capital dilate technology. Graph 2 revealed 1978-2007 year the relation of Chinese labor portion and labor productivity, it shows progress experienced Chinese technology to be capital dilate from labor dilate change model process: Before 1997, technical progress of China is given priority to with progress of labor dilate technology, and after 1998, chinese technology progresses to be given priority to with progress of capital dilate technology gradually. One apparent paradigmatic it is the capital in Chinese export trade tastes specific gravity to rise quickly. Since reforming and opening, the proportion that capital tastes exit to hold total export grows continuously, arrive from the 4.7% growth 1980 47.4% 2007, grew 9 times much, capital tastes exit to grow to ask quickly to invest in great quantities necessarily, the corporeal capital such as new machine and new facility invests the main source that becomes labor productivity promotion, the get one's own back that in bringing about laborer to rise from labor productivity then, wins decreases relatively.
Next, the globalization aggravate of capital the weak power position of the strong position of the capital in Chinese labor market and labor, make worker pay growth slow, this also is Chinese labor portion the main reason of long-term low-level stability. The large-scale international that globalization brought capital flows (FDI) , aggrandizement labour force is in the inferior position of fluidity respect, make capital has stronger argy-bargy capacity, be helpful for raising the redound of capital thereby, go against labor income to rise. And the intense competition that the local government of the developing country attracts FDI to GDP grows and spread out, brought about contest second the occurrence of balanced condition: Should realize at the local government of GDP contest low labour force price can make the enterprise is won in global competition when comparing price advantage, produce this kind of advantage for utmost ground, local government may come on stage a few go against labor protection, be helpful for the policy of capital gains, enter this locality in order to attract capital, bring about worker pay under level of its labor productivity, capital acquires more rich and generous interest, labor portion is maintained in low-level. In fact, although China International commerce grows ceaselessly since 1978, but till acting 1990 evening, the export total of our country is maintained all the time in occupy GDP to make an appointment with the level of 20% . Begin from 2002, our country export increases nine thousand three hundred and forty-five billion five hundred million yuan of 2007 quickly from two thousand six hundred and ninety-four billion eight hundred million yuan, grew 1.4 times, year all grow achieve 24% , occupy GDP proportion to also be achieved 37% . Meanwhile, share of our country labor drops quickly however, from 2002 44.1% drop 39.7% 2007, dropped 5 years 4.4 percent, drop of extent big unprecedented. Manufacturing industry is long-term sweated it is the main source place that Chinese product has stronger international competition ability and exit to compare a dominant position, and to gain greater competition ability, the manufacturer hopes to maintain existing sweated level continuously again, make wage growth rate apparent the growth rate under labor productivity.
5, conclusion
The place on put together is narrated, since reforming and opening our country the first time income allocation pattern changes occurrence problem basically is not work reward holds GDP share drop, however this one scale is maintained all the time in low-level, of China the first time income allocation pattern was immersed in a kind of low-level steady state it seems that. 1978-2007 year, chinese labor portion experienced 1978-1998 year slight rise, 1999-2007 year slight descendent process, maintaining long-term relative stability on the whole, but this is a kind of low-level stability, chinese labor portion did not grow as Chinese economy and rise of industrial structure, not was like the country such as flower beauty in industrialized process those who maintaining higher level is balanced, also the country such as unlike Japan, Korea is having an apparent ascendant tendency in industrialized process.
From apparently look, chinese work reward occupies GDP proportion to keep opposite stability and " Kaerduo " diagnostic fact does not contradict it seems that, but what Kaerduote asks for a fact to describe basically is the stability that work reward occupies GDP portion to go up in opposite Gao Shuiping, what China appears is a kind of low-level stability, it is a kind of industrialized country the income that had not appeared in developing a process allocates pattern. Go up from essence in light of, this is a kind of adverse to laborer income allocates pattern, also be to create the source of contradiction of Chinese economy deep administrative levels and problem. As a result of such one kind allocates root of pattern deep implant to grow means and solid some at Chinese economy in the system, reflected the level sex feature that Chinese economy grows, the force of market mechanism oneself from short-term will look to won't reverse a kind of such trends not only, and still will continue aggravate this kind of unreasonable trend, this represented the market actually " fail " . Should change at present the first time the situation that income allocation pattern goes against laborer, corrective " the market fails " , with respect to the action that must rely on a government, demand government reforms current income allocation system, build a kind to be opposite more fair market environment, allow worker thereby can the fruit that more fair land shares economy to grow.
Bibliographical reference
1. Bai Chongen (2009) : " who is pushing the income that takes a resident -- , Chinese national income allocates pattern to analyse " , " Chinese society science " , the 5th period.
2. Bai Chongen (2008) : " element of Chinese industry department allocates portion payoff to consider " , " economy studies " , the 8th period.
3. Li Daokui (2009) : " the U that portion of the labor in GDP evolves into rule " , " economy studies " , the 1st period.
4. Luo Changyuan (2009) : " income of economic developing labor occupies than: The demonstration that is based on Chinese industry data studies " , " Chinese society science " , the 4th period.
5.Alwyn.Young (1994) , the Tyranny Of Numbers: Confronting The Statistical Realities Of The East Asian Growth Experience. NBER Working Paper.No.4680.
6.Anastasia Guscina (2007) , effects Of Globalization On Labor ' S Share In National Income.IMF Working Paper No.06/294.
7.A.Steven Englander, and Ardrew Gurnew (1994) , OECD Productivity Growth: Medium-Term Trends. OECD Economic Studies.22.pp.111-130.
8.D.Gale.Johnson (1954) , the Functional Distribution Of Income In The United States, 1850-1952.The Review Of Economics And Statistics.36 (2) : Pp.175-182.
9.E.Phelps Brown, e.Hart (1952) , the Share Of Wages In National Income. The Economic Journal.62 (246) : 253-277.
10.Gollin, d. (2002) , getting Income Shares Right. Journal Of Political Economy.110 (2) : Pp.458-475.
11.I.B.Kravis (1959) , relative Income Shares In Fact And Theory. The American Economic Review.49, pp.917-949.
12.Keynes John M. (1939) , relative Movements Of Real Wages And Output. Economic Journal. March, pp.34-51.
13.Nicholas Kaldor (1961) , capital Accumulation And Economic Growth, in F.A.Lutz And D.C.Hague, eds. , the Theory Of Capital. New York: St.Martin Press.
14.Samuel Bentolila, gilles Saint-Paul (2003) , explaining Movements In Labor Share. Contributions To Macroe-conomics.3 (1) : Pp.1-31.
15.Solow, r.M (.1958) , a Skeptical Note On The Constancy Of Relative Shares. American Economic Review.48 (4) : Pp.618-631.
