The harm symptom with grape aspergillus ill decay reachs prevention and cure
Grape aspergillus decay is ill, decay of renown grape black aspergillus is ill, be by know bacterium partly inferior key link of Bao of the door, silk, aspergillus is belonged to (Aspergillus Sp. ) the disease of sex of a kind of fungus that a variety of fungus cause. Range of host of cause of disease is wide, include grape, pumpkin, earthnut, cotton, onion, banana, orange, apple, pear, peach, fig to wait. A lot of grapes of our country produce an area to all have the happening of aspergillus disease, in high temperature much wetter area and a particular year come on serious. The feature of cause of disease in article, invade caught symptom of loop, popular rule, harm to undertake summing up, offerred specific aim agriculture and measure of chemical prevention and cure, with period accuse to reach grapy to should be prevented illy high grade high yield is offerred draw lessons from.
1 cause of disease reachs a feature
The cause of disease of cankered disease is grape aspergillus to know bacterium partly inferior key link of Bao of the door, silk, aspergillus is belonged to (Aspergillus Sp. ) a variety of fungus, our country reports with black aspergillus (Aspergillus Niger Van Tiegh) give priority to, abroad has carbon black aspergillus (Aspergillus Carbonarius) the cover that the harm causes aspergillus disease.
Black aspergillus is in CYA (yeast of examine family name extracts content agaragar) on education radical, 25 ℃ fosters 7 D, 60~70 Mm of bacterium colony diameter, even, provide radiative state lines, shape of velvet of quality of a material, color carbon black is lubricious, have generation of a few colorless and oozy fluid, opposite Dan Huanghe is lubricious. In Cha Bike white of clump of the bacterium on education radical, on PDA bacterium clump white comes flaxen, loose, gas gives birth to hypha white, a lot of syringe needle form are born on branch of black mildew state lays spore head, black is bulbiform. Wall of stalk of cent unripe spore is smooth and colorless, some coping beige, base the ministry has sufficient cell, grow from hypha body, bubble bursa is globose to close globose, size is M of 60.0~82.0 μ , whole ball surface produces a stalk radical, a 2~3 is born on stalk radical bottle straightens, stalk radical grows M of 12.0~18.0 μ , bottle stalk grows M of 6.0~10.0 μ ; Cent gives birth to form of chromosphere of spore dark brown to grow from bottle stalk, string unripe, give birth to spinule apparently closely, size is M of 4.0~4.5 μ .
2 invade catch a loop
Aspergillus bacteria exists extensively in nature, the ill incomplete that field bacteria can be in soil or falls into soil survives on body; Basically shed transmission to diffuse to the place such as cauline tendril and fructification through gas, the bacteria basically reachs dead organization place to begin to invade from cut part, spread stage by stage next, cause fructification decay; Ill fruit is contacted with be good at fruit, and the little scope that the growth of the bacteria diffuses to all can cause disease spreads (between fruit bead, store between the fruit spic of carry place) . Black aspergillus has a variety of active and powerful enzymatic departments, be like amylase, pectic glucoside of enzymatic, shaddock dextrose oxidation is enzymatic, enzymatic etc, black aspergillus still can produce a variety of organic acid, if ascorbic acid, citric acid, dextrose is acerbity,wait with gallnut acid.
3 produce the law
Black aspergillus is a kind of happy event lukewarm very wet weak parasitism bacterium, grow comfortable Wen Wei 37 ℃ , lowermost relative humidity is 88% . The main condition that grape aspergillus is cankered ill happening is gains cut, accordingly, use excessive of agent of the expand in production, long drought heavy rain cause fructification easily to produce wound, all can accentuate the happening of disease; Fructification is close to mature easier fall victim more, fructification collects the vitality after closing to reduce, constant accentuation disease happens. Field investigation discovers, different grape breed sends sick condition to differ, disease resistance difference exists between breed, drunk Jin Xiang, cane harvests and beauty points to etc breed is field come on heavier, the breed such as Shen Feng, Damina comes on opposite lighter.
4 harms symptom
Grape aspergillus decay is ill one of main disease with cankered fructification of the later period in already becoming our country grape to grow, incidence of a disease can amount to 10%~70% . This disease also is a grape store the important disease of carry period, can cause store spic of carry period fruit is many mildew and rot. In addition, disease of grape aspergillus decay still can affect vinous quality.
Disease of grape aspergillus decay basically endangers fruit spic, with fruit bead fall victim the heaviest. The symptom begins to show from cut part more, initial stage forms ecru decay, then brings about fructification to become ecru soft sodden, come on place produces layer of black Brown mildew, wind of classics of this mildew layer is blown, can form black Brown " mildew smoke " . Later period is flexible sodden fruit bead dehydrates, remain only skin and seed.
Measure of 5 prevention and cure
The prevention and cure with grape aspergillus ill decay wants to be given priority to in order to prevent, strengthen help advance somebody's career management, scientific fertilization, reasonable irrigate; Pluck and control equipment injury answers in process of lay aside carry, when lay aside carries control temperature strictly, reduce store the happening of carry period disease; After fructification is collected, can use last the agent undertakes saving, come on in order to decrease. Methods of all sorts of prevention and cure with grape aspergillus ill decay and effect of prevention and cure see a table 1.
Express the method of prevention and cure with ill decay of 1 grape aspergillus and effect of prevention and cure
5.1 strengthen field managing
Undertake scientific fat conduit manages, add apply organic fertilizer and phosphorous potash fertilizer, later period controls the use of nitrogenous fertilizer strictly. Take strict precautions against flood flooding, pluvial hind should notice catchment, prevent damp to stop; When just sitting to mature with fructification if really, ying Shen waters again, avoid to cause field humidity too big, to the bacteria creation is invaded advantageously catch a condition; Store grape is collecting before closing 1 week to must stop fill water, contain candy amount in order to rise, decrease crack if really. Cheng Guo period controls reasonable load capacity. In addition, calcium of the gush before collecting can add the calcic content in fructification, maintain the hardness of fructification, enhance fructification be able to bear or endure lay aside sex, increase the capacity fighting corrupt of fructification.
5.2 timely collect close, safety is collected close
Grape fructification belongs to blame breath to jump change model, content of the carbohydrate after collecting is reduced because of respiration, affect its to store up directly character and store up period. Fructification is comfortable period collect the biochemical quota that receive to be, the quantity that contain sugar is amounted to 18% the left and right sides, contain acid to measure 0.6%~0.8% , candy acid is compared (20~35) ∶ 1, always pectic as pectic as solubility than be (2.7~2.8) ∶ 1. Want to be collected late appropriately, raise fructification to contain candy amount, reduce moisture content, improve quality, make the protective organization of fruit stalk and peel complete, enhance tenacity.
The variety that adopts late aptly has Ju Feng, Hei Aolin, new rose, pioneer to wait. Collect receive time appropriate to choose to be in weather is sunny in the morning or towards evening, the early morning that did not work in dew and shade wet, should not be below the circumstance of insolate of the burning sun after rain especially collect close. Collect when closing, cut, take, carry wait for an operation to want very careful, reduce loss as far as possible, prevent to obliterate fruit pink.
5.3 collect the fruit spic processing after closing
Store up in the process, adopt microtherm, gas adjustment, radiate antiseptic with drug antiseptic wait for measure, creation goes against the environment that the bacteria grows, raise a grape to store up quality, lengthen store up period, achieve lasted goal.
Collect after closing, answer to send shady and cool part quickly fructification, lay open, medicinal powder hot. Undertake rebuilding strictly next, classification, pack. In case while, put the mixture of natrium of sulphurous acid hydrogen and anhydrous silica gel, in order to achieve anticorrosive, prevent ill, lasted purpose. Take 37.5 G of natrium of sulphurous acid hydrogen normally, 75.0 G of anhydrous silica gel, silica gel pulverize, with divide evenly of agitate of natrium of sulphurous acid hydrogen, cent installs 10 packet, when case, every put a grape to cover a paper, 2~3 is put on paper packet, cover a paper again, put a grape again. Use wrapping paper to close medical bag and grape together finally inside box. The dosage of natrium of sulphurous acid hydrogen is grapy 0.3% , anhydrous silica gel is 0.6% . In addition, 2 oxidation sulfur still can be used before storing up fumigation, kill fructification surface thereby bacterium of all sorts of cause of disease, reduce fructification to breathe rate, reduce nutrient to use up, and can longer carry fruit color and fruit stalk new position.
Appropriate lukewarm, humidity and aeriform condition are to lengthen a grape to store up the precondition of life. In 0 ℃ the following freezing point stores up of the respiration intensity that can control fructification effectively, enzymatic active, ethylene release those who reach mould to grow. The experiment makes clear, - the bud that 1 ℃ can restrain grey mould spore, - the grapy below 2~0 ℃ condition stores up the effect is optimal. Humidity is helpful for high preventing a grape to dehydrate, drying shrinkage and threshing, appropriate air humidity is 90%~95% . Low oxygen, tall carbon dioxide can restrain fructification breath and enzymatic active, lower fructification consenescence rate, appropriate carbon dioxide chroma is 10% the left and right sides, aerobic chroma is 3%~5% .
Radiation lasts (ray of ozone, γ , ultraviolet ray) it is some closer year last one kind when begin to use method, restrained the growth of the bacteria not only, still maintained grapy commodity sex. But also research thinks, although ozone of tall pH indicator but sterilization, but easy cause nutrient material loss big, threshing rate and brown change chemistry of degree prep above lasts agent processing. In addition, high pressure lasts also is to store up a kind of lasted means, use high pressure to last the kind that ties with cold storage technology, can make the grape saves 5 months below condition of 5 ℃ .
