Happy booth county slants the corner austral place Ji Dongdong, not be to close traffic of inside and outside to need the ground of classics, consequently the frequenting civil war since times of the Northern Warlords, not big to here influence, the loss is lesser, economy grows relative stability since entire county is latter-day.
Business of 30 time town and market trade reach its characteristic. The commerce of happy booth county and market trade are more prosperous. Entire county organization has chamber of commerce, the member firm that joins chamber of commerce has more than 40. County of happy 1935 booth has each course of study to spread door 89, total capital is made an appointment with 50 reach 600 thousand yuan (silver dollar) . Annual turnover is close 1 million yuan (silver dollar) . Have counterjumper and worker 500 or so. The main firm of the county has 22, list only here among them 10:
The blessing of revenue line of business sends profit, inn location is in east street, already open 10 one's remaining years, capitalization 7, more than yuan 0 (silver dollar) , counterjumper 8 person, annual trades amount is in more than yuan 30 thousand (silver dollar) ;
Of grocery line of business always contain number, inn location is in east close, already open 10 one's remaining years, capitalization more than yuan 10 thousand (silver dollar) , counterjumper 5 person, annual trades amount more than yuan 20 thousand (silver dollar) ;
The abundant of hardware industry is connected thick, inn location is in on the west street, already open 70 one's remaining years, capitalization 5, more than yuan 0 (silver dollar) , counterjumper 10 more than person, annual trades amount 30 thousand yuan (silver dollar) , hold battalion rice, vast area, headgear concurrently.
Of paper house industry justice add up to grand, inn location is in on the west street, already open 15 years, capitalization thousands of yuan (silver dollar) , counterjumper 12 person, manage 5 kinds to acquire paper, goods comes by carry of Tianjin, Yantai.
Of shoemaking course of study have room greatly, inn location is in east street, already open 20 one's remaining years, fasten the branch of Tianjin, counterjumper 20 more than person, annual trades amount more than yuan 20 thousand (silver dollar) ;
The Yong Shunchang of course of study of cloth of silks and satins, inn location is in south street, already open 12 years, capitalization more than yuan 10 thousand (silver dollar) , counterjumper 15 person, annual trades amount more than yuan 70 thousand (silver dollar) . <br>
Of tea course of study always arrange close, inn location is in south street, already open 2 years superabundant, capitalization 5, more than yuan 0 (silver dollar) , counterjumper 8 person.
Of press course of study always arrange order, inn location is in east close, already open 20 one's remaining years, capitalization 4, 0 to 5, 0 yuan (silver dollar) , counterjumper 10 more than person, annual trades amount more than yuan 20 thousand (silver dollar) .
Of kerosene cigarette industry promoting close, inn location is in east close, already open 20 one's remaining years, capitalization 10 thousand yuan (silver dollar) , counterjumper 15 person.
Of financial industry join silver-colored number inereasingly, management exchange, ji Guangxu 30 years of open, capitalization 100 thousand yuan (silver dollar) ; Gong Chengyu silver-colored date, management exchange, the first year of an era or the reign of an emperor of China the Republic of China (1912) hold water, capitalization more than yuan 10 (silver dollar) ; In addition still Heibei visits bank agency.
Happy booth county the origin of staple commodity, dividing cotton is local product outside, the others goods comes by nonlocal carry for the most part. Be like, bombazine and china come by Tianjin and Tang Shan carry; The medicinal material comes by motion of a surname state; Commissariat by northeast 3 provinces carry comes; Tea comes by Tianjin carry; Match comes by Tianjin and Yantai carry; Other all sorts of goods amount to this county by Tianjin carry for the most part.
The carry of commodity submits course and method. All goods that receive happy booth county from Tianjin carry, largely by aqueduct (the sea) into large clear influx, reload cart carries entire county each district. After the traditional Chinese calendar will seal a river in October, change the station such as Tang Shan of carry of classics north peaceful railroad, Chang Li, turn to enter entire county each district by cart carry.
The market trade of the county. The traditional Chinese calendar whenever １ is before Ya, meet 3 close in north, meet 5 in close on the west, meet 7 in south close, meet 9 in east close. Meet among them 3, 7 for large part, these two days have domestic animals city, other collect period trade without this.
The commerce of happy booth county is like below 3 characteristics:
The first, the firm of all trades and professions, of a person of same business not too much. From the point of firm gross, although be when business is thriving period, not too much also. This shows the commerce of happy booth county and market trade, with Ji Dong photograph of other large county is compared, somewhat inferior. That is to say, in pull northeast major shopkeeper alone course of study has extended antenna into the big city business such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Tianjin, Beijing " old whoop (ｎ of phonic T ǎ , suffixation of a nonsyllabic r to nouns and sometimes verbs reads) help " old haunt, commercial development is very common. This mirrorred happy booth county basically is agricultural county. Or this is " old whoop help " in bigwig, farming the concentration of this business end thought is mirrorred. They sent money outerly, and the ground is bought to maintain the achievements of one's predecessors in birthplace.
The 2nd, have a quantity to analyse from capital, most rich is the 3 silver date of new-style banking industry, every all are in above of 100 thousand yuan of silver dollar, they basically are management agiotage. Of course, their existence and development, it is the sign that economy of happy booth county grows certain level, 2 it is to mix " old whoop side " must collect money put in native place 's charge to concern. Next the industry is old-fashioned pawnshop enterprise, actually they namely traditional exchange line of business. They still can exist, of root deep, those who manage is vivid, be essential. Delicacy of each course of study has other the person that exceed 10 thousand yuan.
The 3rd, from practice time, joining silver-colored number inereasingly is Guang Xusan 10 years, can call the earliest. It is at the beginning of China the Republic of China year around practice person amount to is not much also, 1930 the be in the majority of around practice. County of this specification happy booth is in 20 century 20 just take shape to 30 time.
County of happy 1935 booth adds up to 45, 64, population 235, 433 person. Differentiate with the profession among them, those who pursue trade is male 42, 539 person, female 3, 610 person, aggregate 46, 149 person, occupy the 18 ％ of number of entire county population. This proportion is in not only Ji Dong, each county of down to whole nation is saved in Heibei, also be very outstanding. Be in especially 20 centuries 30 time, have the woman that pursues trade 3, 610 person, solid belong to infrequent! And, this number is to be in " this county is owed because of barren of the year's harvest, finance is strange close, try from east after 3 save trouble change, to Lai Fudong 3 provinces reach the place commerce such as hot river in order to maintain the family's bread person, all accept a variety of restriction, cannot head for, in order to be outlet discontinuity, day of the people's livelihood profit pinch. " the economic account that this shows commerce of place of happy booth county is more backward, more the person that outside explaining happy booth person goes, be in business, northeast was gone to 1935 below the case that each respect gets limitation, the 18 ％ that still holds sum total of entire county population is strong. We can be pushed know, before this, happy booth person goes northeast and countrywide each district, so that go to what abroad is in business and form " old whoop side " the team has how considerable!
"Old whoop " it is person of old times northeast, businessman of the happy booth county with Ji Dong, Luan county, prosperous goosefoot county heads, also include plump and smooth-skinned, Yu Tian, abide by to change and stroke peace, face the county such as county of Chi of Yu, Ning He, treasure, 3 rivers, sweet river, thistle to go northeast is in business, the group that does a business. To this century 70 to 80 time, still have large quantities of " old whoop " reach its offspring to distribute extensively at northeast each city, county, town, the person that be in a country is few. "Old whoop " the origin of this one appellation, author classics is fathommed repeatedly, the dialect of it and happy booth county is concerned. Happy booth person is read " Le Ting " the speech of two words very " old whoop " , then northeast person comes from homophonic incorrectly relay an erroneous information. This appellation does not have ill will originally, implicit be good at be in business, labour the meaning at calculation, return much little a little awe-stricken amid, but after careful ponder Yi Ke from which appreciate goes out, of part Chinese tradition farming this business end idea and underestimate the taste that be in business. In addition, the business that northeast calls Le Ting county, Luan county is factitious " old whoop " and say Ji Dong is other each county businessman is " the flower is old whoop " , in order to show subtle distinction.
"Old whoop help " forerunner is Liu Xinting and Zhang Xi aperture. In quiet day in later period, little person of ground of happy booth county is much, land is centered in hand of landlord, kulak more again. And, the food that place of entire at that time county produces, although be in non-leap year, also be not worth half an year with. If encounter hungry, victim countless, bodies of the starved is alled over wild. Poverty-stricken is factitious earn a living, then ability brave the journey to the Northeast. First when, they arrive northeast work as a farm laborer of each leave out, work, as time passes, the person that has head sees northeastern deal can make money. The forerunner that be in business and the delegate character that score a success are aperture of Liu Xinting, Zhang Xi 2.
Liu Xinting, the Liu Shi Gezhuang of north of happy booth county village person, unripe Yu Qingchao between light-year. Deficient of home of his from a child, nurturance can hard-working character, and body strong put oneself in another's position is strong. After manhood, he was on by life place approach the road of brave the journey to the Northeast. This poll head is slick, natural disposition tack, he discovers northeast each district lacks farm tool generally very quickly, especially v hoe bat, and the article that the northeast such as hand-woven cloth, cotton produces rarely also than Le Ting around costly. Then, he to relatives and friends leasehold, collect the sth used to one's own advantage with first place. Him exert all one's strength, the shoulder is carried traffic. After gaining profit, traffic of cart of his instead employ. Go Cheng transportation and sale v hoe board, cotton, hand-woven cloth, tobacco leaf of grain of return trip carry, beans, earth, orchid indigo (dye) sell to inside Shanghaiguan. After ten years, he gains profit amount to 10 thousand be linked together (always be １ , 0 copper cash) , get rich become rich. Then, his son Liu if, successive father line of business. Preexistence dragon bay (today Jilin is saved farming install a county) opened wide hair to join firm. Arrive by management general merchandise revenue line of business. Later, develop to hold battalion exchange concurrently to manage general merchandise again. In Liu Ru hand, accumulate capital to amount to ten million be linked together. When 3 sons that be like break up, each establish hall name, in wide city child (today the Changchun City) opened peaceful hair to close at the same time, close inereasingly, east hair join 3 big firm. Person " close " the buying and selling of the name. Such child bear father line of business, course Liu children and grand children the management of person of a few generation, arrive clear at the beginning of end civilian, "Close " the semicolon of name buying and selling amounts to a few place, all over each district of Yu Dong north almost, first what its money power already jumped house northeast business circles. In happy booth county, home Liu was become " Beijing east the first " rich door, the name hears Beijing to reach area thing capital city and its environs.
Zhang Xi aperture, happy booth county the person of village of small black Tuo east. Be born at path light-year. When the youth, he learned carpenter craft. Taking brave the journey to the Northeast of two little brothers, arrived northeast dockyard (today Jilin city) shop of a carpenter is become miscellaneous labour. His humanness is honest and tolerant, work diligent, suffer a person to aided financially his to open a small carpenter store later. At that time, north of comfortable Feng Dong " wood is helped " people large quantities of one timber of the fell trees in Cong Dongshan, keep long in stock is in preserved egg river bank, move hard temporarily. This batch of timber buy or sell on credit gave piece, dictum after autumn paid second year. But, these people went 4 years, also did not take money. Right now, just encounter place to meet with fire. The building rebuilds after calamity, timber is popular. Piece thereby and reap big profit. He makes bottom cushion with this capital, opened 10 thousand bureaus joining wood. Later, be in again wide city child opened 10 thousand close promote, 10 thousand add start firm, continue to hold battalion timber industry concurrently. Child bear father line of business, a few generation come down, home Zhang becomes happy booth county 4 big rich door one of.
Liu, piece two brave the journey to the Northeast are in business and the road of rise to power and position, for Le Ting person place is envied. Pace its follow person, go to northeast custom business in succession, be in business. Subsequently, emerge again in them revealed large quantities of one characters that become rich because of be in business, if Zhao Hanchen, Liu faces Hai Yue of cabinet, Yang Huanting, mother, Wu Baixiang,wait. To 20 century 20 to 30 time, happy booth county already was amounted to from trade number of 100 thousand numerous, formed renown raise whole nation " old whoop help " . They of northeastern, China north, Hua Dong big, medium city and county open all sorts of shop １ , more than 0. Person of happy booth of down to old times praises oneself: No matter inside Shanghaiguan, outside Shanghaiguan, every has the place of a sparrow, have the store that happy booth person opens. The person that entire county is in business has some total fund, according to 1931 " 9? 18 " the not complete count before emergency, nearly 300 million silver dollar, annual interest embellish is as high as 5, 0 much silver dollar. Average and annual the money that collects Hui Leting is amounted to 2, 0 silver dollar. "Old whoop side " it is birthplace with northeast, extend countrywide each district and even abroad.
20 century 20 to 40 time, phenomena of such a kind of society and masses psychology already were formed inside happy booth county. Family circumstances no matter end is rich, want ground of leave no stone unturned to study for him child, graduate to elementary school, attend a middle school no longer likely, hold a person in the palm to rely on a relation however, to east of Shanhaiguan (northeast 3 provinces) custom business is become apprentice. After expiring 3 years, can earn money, become even of shopkeeper. Do well, oneself can open a shop, should go up namely capitalistic. Inside happy booth county, the man goes out in succession custom business, be in business, the woman props up door front courtyard in the home, n/COL the head of a family director, call inside n/COL the head of a family. The man is in business after getting rich, remittance comes home buy the land. Oneself do not cultivate, then hire long-term hired hand. Often employ in this locality do not wear man of prime of life, arrive Luan county hire, v/arc hired laborer of the county outside was being formed alls over the state of Yu Leting county. When Ji Dong fought day of big insurrection 1938, happy booth county has hire hands and woman riot more. Its reason all depends on this. To 1947 Ji Dong liberated area implements land reform, happy the business of the custom outside welling balanced the person goes, traditional ability that be in business on the wane. Undertake in pair of capitalist industry and commerce after liberating socialism transforms what finish basically to just disappeared finally 1956. "Old whoop side " also exited historical arena subsequently. Nevertheless, the person that the person that has gone out puts in countryside 's charge is very little, majority already fell of Ji Yudong north, China north, Hua Dong each are big in city, county, down to leaves house abroad. Nowadays, the later generations of these ancestors, the number is numerous. But, in former days " old whoop side " be like as transient as a fleeting cloud already, not answer existed.
"Old whoop help " knack of doing business, person of happy booth county is alive the acting appearance be used to along more than 100 years business, be in business in practice, accumulate, summary, created an effective " knack of doing business " . The experience of these deal, later by brought into shop custom gradually, or by buccal ear according to legend. It was reflected " old whoop side " the path that be in business. Among them, have a lot of experience, still be worth us to draw lessons from up to now. There are its to accord with on business management be in business of the rule on one hand, its outmoded conventions and customs, we should abandon. Anyhow, we are right these " knack of doing business " the analytic attitude that must support science, should not affirm everything, also cannot deny everything. Its introduce wraparoundly below " knack of doing business " 8 respects:
The first, choose virtuous with can, accredit is managed. V/arc shopowner people often not oneself are managed, faint perhaps oneself are managed, they are chosen in practice virtuous with can. It is to not hesitate heavy gold is recruited; 2 be appoint important task, award with authority, v/arc shopowner people choose and employ persons not doubt, doubt person need not, high accredit invites able person. "Old whoop help " the later generations of forerunner Liu Xinting, be in mouth of Changchun, Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, battalion, Tianjin, Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing to wait early or late big in urban open shop, bank 100 much place, wide the sagely generation that hires perfectness all trades and professions, make its respective be managed independently. Like the Limo that recruit Lin Weiyi sends bank general manager, run bank system; The Duan Xin that recruit 5 to suit general manager inereasingly, management closes total number, branch inereasingly; Hire Zun Ziyu to add up to a premier for peaceful hair, administrative peaceful hair closes total number, branch; The Zhang Yaowu that recruit, Liu Guanying is big outside ark (manager) , cent is stationed in Shenyang, Tianjin, director place is entered sell business; Manager office is set in Dalian, the Sun Xiusan that recruit assumes overall responsibility overall. The shopkeeper of each semicolon or manager, criterion accredit afore-mentioned these people go inviting. Such, formed various general manager, manager to be in charge of making, administrative power has concentration again already dispersive, arouse the enthusiasm of various director staff. So, liu Jia reaps profit of high specified number every year completely, last long. Later, additionally one calls Wu Baixiang's person, so-called " business circles leading authority " . He innovates somewhat, use upper part nomination and the method that photograph of democratic appraise sth through discussion combines, choose virtuous can, the curator that truly the person selected of ability is each bar. Thereby, the firm that makes he is opened has very great competition ability, outside renown shake inside Shanghaiguan.
Wu Baixiang, happy booth county person of He Xinzhuang village. Unripe 1880, soldier 1966. Deficient of home of his from a child, counterjumper one's previous experience. Already became a northeast prominent ethical capitalist, entrepreneur to 20 time, celebrated China and foreign countries, be known as " business circles leading authority " . He is opened in Harbin city at first remember variety shop name together. Later, establish big Luo Xin, remember a works together, note general merchandise market together. In the flourishing shopping centre outside the path, forestall and dominated general merchandise trade. Counterjumper, worker is had in his enterprise 2, more than 0, year gain profit amount to Shanghai compasses silver 320 thousand beyond. Wu Baixiang still is a well-known enlightened progress public figure. Before liberating, ever contributive education, contribution exploits a mine, assistance revolution. His shop, factory established labor organization the first times in the whole nation, guide all colleague to enter a new life. After liberating, he is the first the road of joint state-private ownership. After 1955, wu Baixiang is chosen to be business association of committee member of countrywide the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, whole nation to carry out committee member, Heilongjiang to save vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Harbin early or late citizen of committee member of vice director of business association of vice-chairman of city the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Heilongjiang province, Harbin takes vice director committee member, have successively held the posts of president of Harbin city Inc. , remember the office such as market manager together.
Since 1985, write down bazaar to already organized compose of person specially assigned for a task together " remember age history word together " , establish in Harbin " entrepreneur " publish on the journal, also cause German attention, turn over Germanize print and distribute instantly. And, also produced tremendous echo in southeast Asia and Hong Kong area.
The 2nd, prices is well-informed, seize an opportunity, clinch a deal in time. Happy booth person is in business to regard prices as lifeline, "Prices is well-informed, business is thriving; Prices is unidentified, a blind person watchs the tube. " to get prices in time, the earliest it is hire soldier in charge of pack animals, post-horse delivers prices (information) . Later, training carrier pigeon delivers prices. After having the establishment of recent news report such as phone, cable, some firm not hesitate affection of see sb off of cable of phone of special railway line of heavy gold hire, or the cable password that weaves with oneself telegraphs to express feeling of see sb off in the dark. A few big firm, still send capable old settle or live in a strange place (buyer, bagman) often live countrywide each district, even flower, the country such as law, heart, day, report the concerned prices of each country market to home. Be in business because of happy booth person in the process, prices is well-informed, accurate, just doing the be able to achieve success one way or another when buying and selling, handy. For example, the Republic of China year, as a result of warlord battle royal, "Give a bill " devalue for a time. Close inereasingly timely be informed the soja on market of Western Europe, Japan to rise in price. Then, they already devalued with course of study " give a bill " , large quantities of northeastern buying soja, carry the country such as westerly Europe, Japan is sold. Such, exchanged gold, silver-colored hard currency not only, still acquire large interest from which. Sun Xiusan often says the general manager that suits inereasingly: "Prices spirit, courage is great, ability profiteers. Ability profiteers..
The 3rd, all wool and a yard wide, scrupulously abide by credit. Happy booth businessman thinks: Every client is vivid publicist, if lost a customer, be equal to lose a batch of customers; If reputation was built in heart of a client, be equal to reputation was built in a batch of clients. Accordingly, they are abided by all wool and a yard wide, child old man does not have bully. The goods that always sells is famous brand true goods, absolutely not mix the false with the genuine, shoddy. Surprise in supply of goods namely below the circumstance that be short of, also do not act as substandard goods quality goods. And, accomplish feet even sufficient, balance accurate, price is stable, treat stranger, friend an appearance, adult, child an appearance. Once appear the goods of work off is unqualified, want exchange a purchase of leave no stone unturned, want present apology. Wu Baixiang is aimed at at that time ask a price of all over the sky, on the spot returns money, the cheat of business not tire of abominable ethos that breaks fascia oneself, adopted plain code to mark a price, the course of action with not diatomic character. Make the commodity price of own shop the real price under course of study of person of the same trade, popular to be in short supply, stylish goods indicates not high also valence. Because he wants, is shop credit.
The 4th, excellent service, assess strictly, wide action client. It is rigorous training salesman. Join the staff member of inn newly to every, beforehand wants a course to choose strictly, training, trainee just bar can be duped after having regular job capacity. After passing a paragraph of harden oneself, true can take charge of a department alone, just turn for formal salesman. Such, every worker is competent salesman. 2 it is to welcome a customer enthusiasticly. Be opposite daily come inn client, without giving thought to stranger, acquaintance, shop or do not shop, salesman must smiling face photograph is greeted, greet actively, greet sb. Recieve by shopkeeper to old customer, big customer, recommend commodity actively, take sample the client, hold the post of its to choose. After clinching a deal, had included goods one by one, group person sends toward client home in or appoint a place. 3 be 100 ask not tire of, 100 carry not irritated. 4 it is to examine strictly, contact the main standard that regards pair of salesman as assessment with forehead selling goods with attitude of attending to guests. Add fuel to carrying duty well, the key is used; To poor seasonable education, till discharge. Accordingly, each counterjumper dare not have a bit lax.
The 5th, demand perfection is begged new, defeat sb by a surprise action. The trade tricks of the trade of happy booth businessman: Be about to help a brethren, interest rises day new; Content mounds the guest gathers, wide accept each road gold. Wu Baixiang puts forward again: Goods of purchase whole world, collect country product. You have without me, you have me new, with total get victory, with new get the upper hand of. According to market demand, into sell goods of satisfy the need. To suit the client of different consumption level, purchase tall, medium, cheap goods respectively, accomplish general merchandise completely truly. In the meantime, have exclusive selling rights famous brand commodity, do exclusive business. Rely on the new goods that oneself produces, with new get victory.
The 6th, introduce advanced equipment, hold labour concurrently with business, form produce, for, the industry group that sells one continuous line, enhance competitive ability.
Liu Jia closes inereasingly in what Changchun opens, take the lead in with 800 thousand silver dollar, purchase advanced flour aircraft and oil press from Germany, build a plant, produce per month flour 400 thousand jins, soya-bean oil 100 thousand jins. It needs besides contented place outside, still sell as far as to the country such as Japan, Korea, Russia. In succession imitated person, zhao Hanchen, Liu Linge, Wang Zhizhong waits for a person, build more advanced plant in succession, all obtain usury. Wu Baixiang introduced the advanced equipment of cap of the dress that make, shoe, food early or late, build a plant. From this, profit times add.
The 7th, extensive conduct propaganda, enlarge an influence. Happy booth businessman values advertisement conduct propaganda very much. Propagandist form is diversiform, lively. Wait like advertisement of showcase ad, neon lamp advertisement, gift advertisement and the press, broadcasting station.
The 8th, strive for popular feeling, make counterjumper is the home with inn. It is to enlarge scale of share out bonus. Expand as store business, profit adds, by " a thirty-seventy ratio " (person 3 into, money 7 into) profit sharing, instead 46 profit sharing, such making that counterjumper increases proportion of 10 ％ share out bonus. 2 it is to give counterjumper more favorable welfare treatment. After apprentice expires 3 years, outside dividing regular pay, give two months every year period of leave, former salary of issue as before. Counterjumper sicken, be in charge of asking doctor cure by the shop, give on the life take care of. On business is sent, make offerings to by the shop. The shopkeeper of special to having contribution, by attend upon a dying relative of shop provide for the aged. After oneself die, still stay for its on ark " portion book " 3 to 5 years, share out bonus euqally before one's death with him. And, make to its family member, children find a place for appropriately. Some shops still send coverall to counterjumper. Shop crew food all go up by ark expense, but the branch that has big, medium, special mess. 3 be by Wu Baixiang of initiate become a shareholder profit sharing. He starts all counterjumper everybody to become a shareholder, more or less is money paid for shares restricted, press a share out bonus end of the year. Such, tie the increase of the individual interest of counterjumper and shop closely together. At that time people (receive on page) this one course of action is called " be in business history the pioneering work that attend " , a few a man of insight in succession imitated.
"Old whoop help " the be in business way that leaves later generations, its accord with scientific part, accede in what be sure to get in socialistic market today with development, be used for me.
