Tonight at 9 o'clock, photograph of first pieces of black hole is in the mankind the synchronism on the news briefing of eyeshot face binoculars of 6 ground releases the whole world.
The course awaits endlessly, in the whole world under the effort of many 200 scientist, picture of the first black hole is new give heat.
Photograph of the first piece of black hole came ↓ ↓
Draft modular black hole form in computer upper mould for quite a long time, first time bona fide appears before in us. In the photograph that comes from eyeshot face binoculars in this piece, m87 center black hole as the film " ring king " in demon eye of Suo Lun, it is among warm and mysterious red a ring of light, be deep black abysmal hole.
A side of this cirque is a few brighter, another side is a few darker, the reason depends on sucking indigestion dish athletic effect -- the area that faces towards our line of sight moves becomes because of the Doppler effect brighter, the area that is far from motion of our line of sight can pale. The area of intermediate black is black hole itself -- the place that the light cannot escape.
Does from 1968 American astrophysical home make an appointment with writing? Wheeler puts forward " black hole " concept, block Er to physicist of the 100 many Germany year ago? Shi Waxi is a black hole to make accurate solution, arrive again the photograph that we harvested the first piece of black hole today, the mankind strode a key again to the understanding of black hole and universe one pace.
In April 2017 array of 8 radio telescope forms the whole world fictitious telescopic network " incident eyeshot is telescopic " (when EHT) takes picture of the first piece of black hole, we ever wrote (click can examine textual) : "Human first time sees the eyeshot face of the black hole, no matter we are final,gotten black hole picture is what appearance -- it is general like movie picture grand extensive great, the place resembling element that perhaps has a few faintness only -- incident eyeshot is telescopic the sense is extraordinary, this is us in the black hole what stride on observation history is important one pace. Observation result is a piece of photograph not just so simple, it on one hand echo is worn the broad sense of Einstein is relativistic, how arise and also shedding the grand gush in helping us answer galaxy on one hand affect galaxy evolution. We will make throughout history the first batch ' see ' the mankind of the black hole, it is lucky gas really. It is lucky gas really..
After two years, this piece of precious photograph is lucky we are solved also raised more questions at the same time.
Problem 1: This piece is worth a whole world the photograph that at the same time drag in many people to do sth releases 6 ground, how to pat after all?
In the past in 10 old time, masschusetts Institute of Technology (the researcher that the scientists of MIT) combined other research organization, began stirring " incident eyeshot is telescopic " project, 8 of global much ground inferior millimeter radio telescope spreads out observation to the black hole at the same time.
Their north comes Spain, antarctic comes south, the target to make choice of (make choice of of binoculars of face of the eyeshot two years ago two observation target, it is SgrA* of galaxy center black hole, 2 it is the black hole that is located in galaxy M87 center) scatter give a large network, scoop up huge data, in order to draw the outline of the about of a black hole.
In fact, inferior millimeter wave band and our very familiar visible light are having great difference. This wave band we cannot see directly, so, use inferior millimeter wave band takes a picture to the black hole, get radiant space distributings all round the black hole namely actually graph.
For the optical photograph of daily to us contact, what it mirrors is optical wave band different color or the photon of frequency is in different space locally distributinging circumstance. After understanding this, we understand very easily inferior millimeter wave band " black hole photo studio " principle.
Although be,undertake in individual frequency inferior observation of millimeter wave band, but because the photon place of area differs all round the black hole,the radiation intensity of generation differs, we can get distributinging picture of intensity of a photon then, next we assume different intensity correspondence is worn different color, can get " bogus color pursues " -- the color in the graph is probable it is scientist basis the color of set of proper motion of individual be fond of -- why is the photograph that this also can explain M87 demon hint given with the eyes, is not the film " interstellar pass through " in black hole " block Gangtuya " bright yellow.
Problem 2: The film " interstellar pass through " medium " block Gangtuya " the aeriform cirque that the black hole is having the black center that does not see an end greatly and stereo clarity, why does the M87 in the photograph that releases this blur a lot of?
With the definition problem of optical photograph, germ depends on resolution.
According to the knowledge that astronomer place understands, want to raise telescopic resolution, we can make the effort of two respects: It is the wavelengh that reduces observation frequency Duan Guangzi (equal in value at enhancing energy) , 2 it is the significant line of action that increases binoculars. This, to the whole world through VLBI technology the binoculars of 8 different places has couplet net, we got a caliber amounts to the binoculars of 10 thousand kilometer, in the radio wave band that matures relatively in VLBI technology, scientists chose the area with highest energy -- millimeter and inferior millimeter wave band.
Notable is, the significant line of action of here, depend on actually the distance between two apart is farthermost binoculars among telescopic network. There are 8 2017 inferior millimeter wave binoculars added observation, 2018 in the Arctic circle of Greenland island inferior millimeter wave binoculars also is joined among them, base line length increases further, also improved telescopic resolution further.
However, although we present inferior millimeter binoculars base line had achieved 10 thousand kilometer, but the size that dimensional resolution just reached range of black hole eyeshot, be in so scientists inside the limited section of observation, be equivalent to only a few finite resemble element. In " interstellar pass through " among the film, astronomer base general? The black hole form that Suo En assumes -- include to suck indigestion dish a lot of specific details -- appeared to come out through technical measure, fall in true condition however, we can see only in the photograph suck indigestion dish a few when go up bright spot just.
Subsequently and a problem that come is, since we can place two binoculars very far,implement higher resolution thereby, so we whether complete black hole picture only with two binoculars?
Very regretful, be no good. What observation asks is resolution not just, still have sensitivity -- high resolution can let us see more detail, and tall sensitivity can let us see darker celestial body.
In the array of eyeshot face binoculars, the SPT binoculars that is located in antarctic is increasing base line length to perhaps said to very big effect arrives since the resolution respect that increases binoculars again, and the ALMA telescopic array that is located in Chile is very important to heightening sensitivity -- the valid area with true binoculars is larger, sensitivity is taller also, ALMA telescopic array will inspect the sensitivity of interfacial binoculars to raise 10 times above, this also means us to be able to explore younger celestial bodies.
If will not join more binoculars this array, we can explore weaker radiation area, see more detail, get a piece of more clear black hole picture.
Problem 3: Eyeshot face binoculars began to take a picture to the black hole 2017, just released positive result 2019, why is this Zhang Jian odd and " ambiguous " photograph " rinse " two years long?
The first, the data bulk that telescopic observation goes to is very giant. 8 telescopic data bulk when 2017 achieved 10PB(=10240TB) , increased Greenland island binoculars again 2018, data bulk continues to increase. Giant data bulk makes the difficulty of data processing ceaseless increase for processing.
Additional, between the process of data processing, the scientist also encountered many technical difficult problem -- the gas near the black hole is in environment of a kind of extreme in the center, its motion is having rife uncertainty -- to solve these problems, scientists developed specific program and tool technically still.
Finally, to assure the accuracy of the result, in final data processing when, rigorous scientists are handled respectively in two different places, respectively test and verify. Two data center was established inside whole world limits, one is the Masschusetts Institute of Technology that is located in the United States, another is the place of equestrian general radio that is located in Germany, each other handle both independently data, also each other test and verify and proofread, those who assured final result is accurate and reliable.
Problem 4: The black hole studies last a period of time is long already, wave of the gravitation 4 years ago has let us " listen " the sound that arrived to come from a black hole to incorporate, why till today we just " see the picture of the black hole " ?
Say simply, because black hole extent is true,be too small -- and before telescopic horny resolution perhaps magnifies multiple is not quite big, in a few years of in the past, we just came true to be able to see a black hole truly the resolution of around area.
Actually, be in early before having observation of global couplet net 2017, a lot of scientists had been the whole world the time that this tried hard more than 10 years, and use 8 telescopic array undertook when a few medium couplet net tries, explored the area near galaxy black hole, the result is in really inferior millimeter wave band explored a few radiate all round, this gave a group very big hope.
Before this, the electromagnetism observation data that although scientists had mastered a lot of prooves,the black hole exists really, but these evidence are indirect -- a few scientist can put forward a few unusual theory to come to those who serve as a black hole replace content, because we do not have direct observation,arrive the about of the black hole.
The double black hole that explored 2016 is amalgamative the gravitation wave of generation, it is the existence that lets people all the more believe a black hole more. But gravitation wave is those who be similar to sound wave " listen " means, and electromagnetism means is a kind " look " means, to more apt " the eye sees for solid " , " the graph has the real situation " the mankind, explore black hole or blame to often let a person expect with direct electromagnetism way. So, after wave of the gravitation at the beginning of 2016 is explored directly, inspect interfacial binoculars and did not abandon observation, instead the means with global couplet net, promote this one exploration technology to acme.
Problem 5: So big fee is scared, besides contented people " the eye sees for solid " wish, does black hole photograph have He Yiyi to evolution of the theory of relativity of test and verify, galaxy that uncover secret?
This become directly exist like what besides the help we affirmed a black hole directly, also passed imitate observation data to make test and verify to the broad sense the theory of relativity of Einstein at the same time. In the working process in eyeshot face binoculars and the data analysis process later, scientists discover, the black hole shadow that place observation goes to and relativistic place agree almost completely fatidically, your person can'ts help plainting again of Einstein great.
Einstein
Principal port depends on another, scientists can pass the dimension of black hole shadow to restrict the quality of central black hole. Made an independent measurement this to the black hole quality of M87 center. Before this, the method that measures black hole quality accurately is very complex.
Get the factor such as resolution of observation of be confined to and sensitivity, analysis of current black hole detail is not perfect still. Will not be joined as more binoculars, we expect to see the more is richer details all round the black hole, understand the generation that the aeriform motion all round the black hole, divisional gush sheds and colonies mechanism deep more thereby, perfect us the acknowledge to galaxy evolution and understanding.
Problem 6: So, "Black hole photo studio " can you take a picture to all black holes?
The black hole is explored before the scientist, it is to pass the suction all round exploration black hole to accumulate dish or the radiate with unripe abortion of black hole gush, will explore the existence of the black hole secondhand.
Sketch map of system of sidereal class black hole
Come up from theory tell, any can producing radiant black hole suit to take a picture, but accept technical restriction, we can choose the black hole that films only, such ability see a few detail all round the black hole likely.
Eyeshot face is telescopic this observation actually make choice of two targets: One is our galaxy center exceed great quality black hole, quality is the sun quality of 4.5 million times, be apart from the earth another of; of 26 thousand light-year is the black hole that is located in M87 galaxy center, its quality is the sun quality of 6.5 billion times, be apart from the earth 53 million light-year.
Black hole radius is described normally with Shi Waxi radius, concern into exclusive direct ratio with black hole quality, if we define eyeshot size the specific value that is apart from for black hole diameter and black hole, so we can know, the eyeshot size of galaxy center black hole is 1.4 times of size of eyeshot of M87 center black hole about. This is two the largest black holes that we know, and the sidereal class black hole that those quality have quality of a few suns only, although the distance is opposite closer, but because its quality is too small, eyeshot size is smaller, was seen harder by our binoculars.
Problem 7: Since of galaxy center exceed great quality black hole so big, distance is so close, why to release the photograph of more distant M87 this only, and Where is the photograph that there is galaxy center black hole?
Aeriform activity is more acuteness near M87 center black hole, before us already observation arrived the strong in season that it produces flows, than below, the activity of galaxy black hole is so not acuteness.
The reason with very main another is, our solar system lies the silver of the galaxy dish on, try to use eyeshot face binoculars to explore in us come from at the radiate all round the black hole or photon when, these photon can be spread the effect of interstellar gas on method -- gas experience scattering these photon, gelatinization of observation result model.
And M87 is one includes the elliptical galaxy with very few gas, the aeriform interference that get is relatively a lot of less, scientists can have observation smoothly. We are in in aerosphere when observation celestial bodies also can have similar case, because of the cause that atmosphere disturbs, telescopic resolution sometimes very inaccessible ideal situation. The effect that removes interstellar gas scattering is a when the scientist needs to overcome next serious difficult problem.
Problem 8: The EHT project of Chinese Shanghai and the Chinese Academy of Sciences also released this one significant positive result tonight. Is Chinese scientist in " black hole photo studio " in what effect to produce? How is global scientist to hit those who coordinate battle?
Among the observation that the binoculars of chinese mainland did not participate in eyeshot face binoculars directly, a the most immediate cause depends on, chinese mainland has built twice inferior millimeter wave is telescopic (one is 13.7 meters of binoculars that are located in Qinghai De Lin to breath out, another is the CCOSMA binoculars that is located in Tibet) do not have function of VLBI couplet net. But although they can realize couplet net, synchronous observation also cannot come true, because two our telescopic as it happens are located in the rear position of the ALMA array with very tall sensitivity.
The binoculars of eye of Chinese FAST weather of well known also shares the observation range of eyeshot face binoculars without the opportunity. Above all its job wave band is different, additional, inferior millimeter wave photon is absorbed very easily by the vapor place in atmosphere, so eyeshot face binoculars is located in altitude to compare tall and dry place, for instance ALMA binoculars is located in altitude among many meters 5000 Acatama desert.
But, be located in Hawaiian maxwell binoculars (JCMT) it is one of node of network of EHT combination observation, participate in by orgnaization of Chinese scientific research, offerred indispensable observation to ensure for eyeshot face binoculars.
In addition, the data that partial China scientist also shared later stage is analysed and discuss, made contribution for photograph of the first piece of black hole.
The article originates " Chinese popular science reads extensively " public date (Kepubolan)
