1941, be in from slummy in the road that heads for Wu Kelan concentration camp, a Nazi soldier beat dead I (article author, historian Nuojia Aliha (Noga Arikha) ) grandfather. My father witnessed this murder case. Of course, his story is one of two hundred and seventy-six million four hundred and forty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-two similar stories only. In growing process, if why wander in the across of life,I realize death,
Realize the cruelty in human nature. In wisdom person " wisdom " give us without complete description the character of this species, we already clever violent. This may be why we become the person that puts only to belong to, also be why we dominate successfully the reason of this heavenly body. But still have a problem pendent: Everyman how can you make extremely atrocious conduct?
This kind of duality also is a mystery to ourselves, it is the universe learns, theology and tragic core, it is the motivation of moral criterion, also be the core of social politics system. We know light, also know darkness. We may do some of dread favour, but also can think over, ask in reply with the means of creativity oneself this is how to return a responsibility. The most bewildering place nothing is more... than in the self-awareness of human heart is evil this problem, since Plato, philosopher people discussing it from beginning to end. Seeking apparent to a of evil explanation means is analytic the behavior pattern that those people that commit savage act show.
Graph: Does this piece of photograph come from Carl - Fulidelixi Hawk (Carl Friedrich Von Weizs? Cker) , he is commander of concentration camp of Ao Siwei laborious Richard Bell (Richard Baer) adjutant. In the photograph, these Dang Weijun's officers and soldiers are in Aosiweixin - the holiday resort Solahutte near the Nao that compare a gram is loosened
This is Yizake Fulide of doctor of neurosurgery of American California university (Itzhak Fried) is in " Liu Xie knife " (the article that publishs on Lancet) magazine " E is asked for integratedly " (Syndrome E, what elaborate in 1997) . This kind of combination that be being asked for integratedly is a variety of biology symptoms, they made a clinical view jointly. E is represented " evil " , fulide is asked for integratedly in E in discovered symptom of psychology of 10 kinds of nerve, they are accompanying force and criminality to appear normally. The word that uses Fulide says, "Previously nonviolent individual " became " the serial killer of the member that the society does not have furtherance " .
Symptom of psychology of these 10 kinds of nerve includes:
1) repeat: Aggressiveness is compelling repeats;
2) force sexual idea: Apply indulge of the person that kill the idea with those aggressive defensive action that are them, these idea are phyletic the foundation that clean, think for example all Hesperian, Moslem, Jew or graph the person is evil on the west;
3) perseverance: The environment does not have an influence to using the act of the person that kill, although behavior is of self-destruction, apply the person that kill to also can hold on;
4) affection reaction is abate: Apply the person that kill not to suffer affection effect;
5) arousal is excessive: The excited sense that uses the person that kill is by repeat cause, it is the function of victim amount;
6) intact language, memory and solve problem ability: This kind ask for pair of higher cognitive capability integratedly to was not affected;
7) fast habit: Apply the person that kill to become to force apathetic;
8) differentiate: Violent and OK in happening common, in be full of emotive family, appear;
9) environmental dependence: Environment, the group is agreed with and be opposite especially authoritative obedience, deciding what action is likely;
10) the organization infects: Attribute the action that the member of a certain organization can take, every member can get on his behavior map to other member body.
Fulide's hypothesis is, all these behavior means have potential neurophysiology reason, be worth to consider. Those who need an attention is, this kind ask for integratedly also apply to those bloodguilty is normal later person. But it does not include those war the kill action that is approved, and the obstacle should be stimulated after having scar (the soldier behavior that PTSD) returns home. Accepted mental disease (like obstacle of character of social morbid state) the likelihood brings about somebody to shoot kill pupil, and passion is obtained when it is painful to bring to bear on or apply cruel pleasure.
When Chinese graceful · Alan is special (Hannah Arendt) is in " Jerusalem Ai Ximan " (Eichmann In Jerusalem, published 1963) in created " evil and commonplace " (when The Banality Of Evil) is stated this, her means, those responsibility people that cause massacre behaviour can be ordinary person, they stem from commonplace reason (do not desertion for instance the job) and obedient command.
Social psychologist test and verify ordinary concept. 1971, ferry of · of general of benefit of humble of Stanford university psychologist cling to much (the jail experiment discovery that Philip Zimbardo) has, "Average student " may turn full mouth into bad language " jail alarm " , although this is greatly,do not have well-founded. Because evidence makes clear, this experiment that never is duplicated is put in blemish.
Nevertheless, those people that have E to be asked for integratedly really very common, they also were not affected by any apparent spirit pathology. The Situofu Browning in historian gram (write in the homonymic book that Christopher Browning) published 1992, a lot of " Everyman " became Nazi soldier later, and that soldier that kills my grandfather is probable also be an Everyman.
Nowadays, biology makes the strong tool that explains a lot of mankind action, although itself cannot be used at explaining horror. Although nerve science is a kind of when human ego understands exciting new tool, but they are indecipherable our cruel origin. The explanation of cause and effect that causes harm each other to the mankind had better be to take up a political career respect explanation, is not science, also not be metaphysical. Be in only in the past 100 old in, be full of the violence with unthinkable dimensions, although political germ cannot be forecasted likewise.
But the occurrence of horrible organization IS, and the increase sharply of young and enthusiastic believer, the hypothesis that gives Fulide provided new sense of urgency, the neurophysiology home A that makes he and courtyard of Parisian flange Western learning Lan Beisuoci (Alain Berthoz) came 2015 between 2017, ask for integratedly around E organized the meeting 3 times, the person that attend the meeting includes cognitive neurology doctor of family of home of the home, social psychologist, neurophysiology, spirit, terroristic expert and jurisconsult. E is asked for integratedly is innovation of pair of this one old issue, what interdisciplinary discussion is beneficial provoke, also be what how build nerve science gain with human language compose is strong and paradigmatic. This kind of method had produced interesting hypothesis and explanation.
Anatomize as the function of cerebrum announce with exacter and exacter pattern come out, nerve science is settling our action (include force) the ability of complexity respect also is increasing ceaselessly. But, since we are developmental biology, the biologic foundation that studies behaviour needs to know the concrete result of developmental period and historical period. Specific and character, how is the developmental return that sees cerebrum namely drawn by culture, also want to see the course that produces culture.
In view of the mankind final evolution is biology of inherent sociality, interactive sex, nerve science needs to have a conversation with other subject, after all cerebrum is not developmental below isolated condition, and the action always is on specific time, specific place and specific meaning happen. Psychology and culture environment are to decide to give biology course to whether can happen and the hinge that how produces. Afore-mentioned features that Fulidelie cites include the union of nerve and ambient conditions.
The core symptom that E asks for integratedly is " affection reaction is abate " . Most person, say well and truly, besides psychological allergy mad, be ashamed at or it is painful that loathing brings to bear on, prep let alone committed murder. Alienist of no less than Robert Jieyi Lifudu (place of Robert Jay Lifton) points out in that way, need brainwashing and force ability to make our mood reaction becomes slow, what overcome us is silent, ability is crossed " the habit is changed " the bounds of place set, "It is easier to let reduplicative behavior become carry out " .
The executant of mass murder and cause sb's death by maltreating him loves their child greatly possibly also, hope their child gets best thing, but they do not have any feelings to their victim, this is typical " divisional treat " E asks for a symptom integratedly. To killing me for that Nazi soldier of grandfather, the circumstance may be such. The family is attributive with the society attributive be departure. When they encounter, resemble the domestic fall out that in Persia Ni Yahe Rwanda produces becoming Chou Na kind, the group is agreed with more be current, and move affection (or say to be the same as manage heart) more infrequent.
German mark this - the social nerve scientist that Pu Lang overcomes an institute Daniya Xinge (Tania Singer) will move the ability that the definition is affection to produce resonance with other. Move affection from infantile period germinate, it is to imitate at first, it is to pay close attention to certain central point jointly next, develop to be able to accept the notion of other gradually, and dimensional consciousness changes another person from ego, be like a person to be able to experience another the individual's mood really. This needs to be able to distinguish above all the ability of ego and other, this is alleged " intelligence is academic " a respect, it is the person is in before life in 5 years with respect to getatable.
Atlanta the Luo Xia of · of general of benefit of development psychologist humble of the university in dust silent is special (Philippe Rochat) revealed children to be in to us at that time is how to form moral footing, and the deed that how they realize themselves is aware of by other. But, although was the same as manage heart to ensure the cohesive affinity of a certain organization or society, but it also is put in bias to mix narrow. Psychologist of society of university of Niya of guest evening standard Lu Nuo of emir · cloth (Emile Bruneau) has proved, it is very easy in order to sacrifice " outside group " for cost, next " outside group " can make the enemy, your person loses human nature.
Move the optional choose sex of affection returns an explanation, why had we gone can apatheticly beside homeless person and won't extend aid, perhaps feel for the person absent that does not like take pleasure in other's misfortune. Inevitable is, we move optionally in the exercise affection, its be short of in breaking a watch to live daily now. It is for instance in society and domesticity, deadly and violent incident is not in what happen in commerce and politics.
Cantabrigian university psychologist cheats · Ba Long on the west - Cohen (Simon Baron-Cohen) is in " evil science: Move affection and cruel origin " (Science Of Evil: On Empathy And The Origins Of Cruelty) puts forward in the book " move affection is eroded " concept, because this moves,affection is not payoff in extreme force. But it is necessary, for discrimination and final genocidal open up road. Neurology of society of university of Chicago of no less than De Saidi of · of domestic auspicious favour (Jean Decety) place says, "Our exceed sociality (Hypersociality) also has dark side " .
Cong Mou is planted tell on degree, this kind of development can break up our " double-faced sex " mysterious veil, while we can be being helped each other mutual also carnage, perhaps let oneself be immersed in " just war " in. Grow with the other and original spirit such as chimpanzee kind same, our evolution goes out consolidate the human relation, ability that be communicated with surroundings and cooperates, developmental also the ability that gave attack alien and other and tribal member. But, the self-awareness that our evolution comes out is the mankind's peculiar characteristic. Making what the person indissolubles is, although we can understand ourselves, create the complex and scientific model that gives him thinking, we are capable still to destroy it.
Nerve science provided the interesting physiology model that about be the same as manage the mood feels one, it is a complex dynamic process, will carry out, before motion and union of sensory motion function rise. It is special alluded cortex of leaf of celiac side forehead (VmPFC) and cortex of forehead of the socket of eye (OFC) , the feeling that these two area produce to handling almond nucleus is crucial. Almond nucleus is a kind of developmental old structure in cerebrum margin system. OFC injury can damage affection to control capacity, affect thereby decision-making.
Anthony of scientist of nerve of university of the California austral los angeles Aoda Maxiao (Antonio Damasio) passes him " body mark hypothesis " , how is revealing the body that participates in signal to deliver a mood to experience handled in OFC and VmPFC, make thereby proper, those who accord with social class is decision-making become a possibility, inform us thereby the assessment to the world, include our moral move. React in affection in abate phenomenon, of frontal leaf area excessive and active the activation that restrained almond nucleus.
Consider to make clear, the OFC function that forces disease patient is immersed in disorder. Accordingly, this is involved possibly also about idea of a certain group force sexual property, these idea are the killing intent plead that is aimed at its member. And exceeding excitement feels (the excited feeling that for instance cocaine causes) the action on these idea involves inside forehead coriaceous (MPFC) .
Anyhow, below the condition that imposes integratedly in E, the mood access in cerebrum controls judgement ability and action capacity no longer. The feedback between almond nucleus and structure of taller cognitive cortex can appear breakdown. Behavior ego and sensory ego are detached, fulide says for " acknowledge ruptures " . He thinks, below specific situation, the person that has 70% about can be affected, can participate in crime as a of a certain group, resemble happening possibly in Stanford jail experiment in that way, although be opposite,experimental result is put in controversy.
"Acknowledge ruptures " behavior find oneself of the patient is less than move affection action, but move the reliable guide that affection always is not correct behavior. For example, because climate changes,we are opposite and dead insect was not the same as manage heart, but we can decide rationally to take action to disaster, although can bring about wrong decision. A kind of thing makes love excessive.
Mu of Lu of cloth of · of Yale psychologist Paul (put forward in the homonymic book that Paul Bloom) published 2016 and other work " object be the same as manage heart " viewpoint, he thinks " rational compassion heart " it is a better barometer, can use the environment that assesses us, and how should we treat it. That is to say, a group member that is a mission in order to kill deadly enemy person may produce the resonance on affection to their group, and do not have thinking to sympathize with to their enemy.
Do not have any emotive descriptions to the person of this kind of enemy be consideringed as, can make us more adjacent it is OK to be crossed at understanding the sample that cold blood ground sends incomplete and kill limit. Criminal court of The Hague international (the observer of ICC) often notices, convict does not have repentant meaning normally. Clinical psychologist Fulangsuowa Xiluoni (Fran? Oise Sironi) evaluate for international criminal court apply the person that kill, and how do they treat oneself and victim, he saw a psychiatrist directly Lifudu is so called " ego is murdered " phenomenon.
Of pair of affection clue that say besides Fulide " disastrous " apathetic, cognitive function is in good condition still nondestructive, this is another kind of E asks for a symptom integratedly. Apply the person that kill to know completely how to injure another person, understand the victim's anguish completely. They have cognitive capacity, understand the victim's experience, but can't cause resonance. He does not care the anguish of others, care only use value. In addition, he does not care about himself to whether care about these. Finally, he does not care to care others whether true important. The affection that forms moral consciousness basis judges ability already not answer existence.
This kind of condition means find oneself and ego acknowledge to produce division, and the standard of individual morality value and social system is replaced at the same time. Chemistry is effective in whole process, because it is in all cerebra and body function,producing effect, and can be adjusted through medicaments.
Cantabrigian university neurology domestic Trevor Luobinsi (Trevor Robbins) consider " medicaments is terroristic (Pharmacoterrorism) " , and (if benzene third amine blocks Pu Tan) how to affect much cling to the function of amine, this meeting uses up 5- hydroxide lubricious amine, bring about become rigid, similar crackbrained behavior, enhance aggressiveness, a lot of E that brings about Fulidelie to go out asks for a symptom integratedly. It shut gregarious attaching, make all affection are experienced (include to move affection action) invalidation, this kind of circumstance is called to narrate affection obstacle.
This is a simplifying neurology description, how do describing homicide action become a possibility. Value and action nerve science conduce to the thing that explains likelihood happening further. Cortex of forehead of the socket of eye (OFC) is special in the mankind and primate development comes out. The Aidemeng Luoersi of center of science of Oxford computation nerve (Edmund Rolls) points out, when making response to stimulation, it is stating redound value respect is producing crucial effect. The allocation that value often is based on when we make a choice -- object, idea, action, standard and person. Our affection is valuable, our behavior is different also, can change according to the situation that encounters on the world, this conversely we go to drive seek or avoiding to stimulate.
Our behavior can continue to search a kind to be short of the award that break, this may be a kind of explanation that forces action, a kind of E asks for a symptom integratedly. Neurological scientist Mataisi Peisigeli old man (Mathias Pessiglione) the group that is in Paris with him also proved celiac side forehead foliaceous cortex (VmPFC) is stimulated in some kind or the value of idea attributions, namely the result that we choose the appeal redound according to it or disgust will take action.
But get when this one function when excessive stimulation, new input (be opposite for instance commiserative call out) attribution to was not affected to ideal value, for example " your everybody is blamed " , and the action cannot be changed. It became automatic, by exterior representative or leader pilot thing, independent at any viewpoint of value besides.
But these nerve incident just mean criminality below specific environment only. The alienist of Parisian mercy poorhouse defends · division favour greatly (David Cohen) and his group undertook assessment to teen-age Bolshevik candidate. They discover, the state of certain society psychology of childhood period, for instance father is not beside or maternal spirit is not stabilized and had had fosterage to experience, affected the formation of identity self-identity. Below certain circumstance, in bringing about them finally to need to blend in them a more extensive group, in order to pass a kind of empirical prior information.
Again, the force of the group surpasses a family. Anthropologist of no less than Scot Atelan (Scott Atran) place points out in that way, conflict often is solve hard, cannot talk things over, because they are with implicit mental value (lay or religion) name undertakes, is not for the result of any utility. These viewpoint of value have appeal extremely it seems that, more charming than domestic ligament.
But Nazi doctors however not so think, they think they are to be in for greater cause effort, this is a kind of unusual twist, be equal morality and the interest that care other rise. The sea because Lixi Ximulai (Heinrich Himmler) makes a person shudder at the address that published in Bocina 1943, revealed the proper sex of this kind of exalted criminality. He says: "We have honorary right, we are responsible do so to our people, kill these wanting that kill our person. Kill these wanting that kill our person..
Once the proper sex of morally and the photograph of affection calibration reaction to another kind of behavior are detached, force can spread out with equitable argument. This kind of behavior happens again and again on the history. But " Everyman " must have crossed a boundary line, enter " E is asked for integratedly " action area, normally this is driven by the environment. Scientist of nerve of London university institute overcomes · Haggard in handkerchief spy (Patrick Haggard) offerred a notable perspective, let people understanding be in " cross a boundary " what to happen in the process.
He was revealed to us forcing the effect at first is how powerful, it lets us can transcend dividing line. To A in Jerusalem 1961 husband · Ai Ximan (Adolf Eichmann) when having trial, he weighs himself " it is obedient command only " , this is first time of official of the Nazi in Nuremberg adjudgement uses similar plead. Mi Erge of · of benefit of Yale psychologist Si Tan pulls Mu (Stanley Milgram) point out, perhaps say to claim exaggeratively, most person will choose the order of obedient authority, although this command can harm someone else. Obedient to this kind sex is interested in Miergelamu very much.
Nevertheless, haggard is studying dominant feels, namely the feeling when we start ego action, this is the center that we live, also be to decide the legal argument of criminal responsibility. Hagedetong passes a test, the viewpoint that drew lessons from Miergelamu partly (but solved the ethics that exists among them and methodological problem) , used intended tie effect, his discovery is forced to take action when people when, their dominant feeling drops apparently really. Forced to shut sense of responsibility, this is a discovery that your person shudders.
Bring about us the neurological relevant element of worst cake behavior did not show clinical symptom. E is asked for integratedly is not a kind of disease, accord with not completely also " mental obstacle is diagnosed and statistical manual " or " international disease and pertinent question statistical classification " description. The dean before court of European advantageous position, jurisconsult lets - Paul · Kesida (Jean-Paul Costa) ever pointed out, using neurology evidence on the court have a problem, because this needs an expert,opaque to be being mixed not accurately data undertakes unscrambling. Determine what cerebra event exactly very hard (include those in the incident under dominant consciousness concealing) likelihood or should form differentiate jurally element.
But what Fulide does no less than in that way, introduce those to be able to describe us the feature of the cruelest nature, start extensive relevant research, be in especially nerve science domain, can help us abound prevent and remedy " wrong action " measure. The devil perhaps had died, but wrong action will exist forever. "Why " the enigma that remains a metaphysics, I am one of people that two hundred and seventy-six million four hundred and forty-seven thousand two hundred and thirty-two lives lay in this interrogation, my unripe father leaves me this question mark. But at least some about " how to do " the answer, we are close to them now.
