Because plunder,in recent years the excessive cultivation of type is managed, and onefold and many use chemical fertilizer, created soil do organic qualitative content and fertility drop? Does earthy layer harden? Straw is passed return cropland, make soil organic rise steadily character, edaphic manage changes character to be improved apparently, in order to achieve protective farmland and the goal that promote soil fertility? But straw is handled or use undeserved, have the risk that causes plant diseases and insect pests, can cause crop reduction in production even.
Straw returns cropland profit much
But use undeserved can cause reduction in production
Contain in crop straw many and organic qualitative? Nitrogen? Phosphor? Potassium and microelement, be one of important organic source of manure in agricultural production? According to the expert the analysis reachs, the nutrient content in paddy straw, organic be character 78.6% ? Nitrogen is 0.63% ? Phosphor is 0.11% ? Potassium is 0.85% ? Convert is measured with objective in pressing every 100 kilograms of bright straw, be equivalent to urea 3.5 kilograms? Calcium magnesium phosphate 1.2 kilograms? Is potassium chloride fat 3.6 kilograms? 5%~12% of average increase production? Did straw return cropland to increase soil organic pledge and nutrient content? Such not only the use amount that reduced relevant fertilizer, also raised chemical fertilizer to use efficiency, the pollution to soil and environment can be reduced, can you also improve product quality greatly?
The profit that straw returns cropland is very much, decrease the pollution that burn and after returning cropland, improved soil should be the biggest gain. Come down a few years, although straw returns cropland to be accepted by people stage by stage, but the corrupt practice that also discovers in accepting a process a lot of straw return cropland, many farmers think, the closest meadow snout moth's larva erupts, return cropland with straw the concern is very big.
Straw is handled or use undeserved, easy cause the following problem:
Dust pollution. Straw is in smash the meeting in the process produces a large number of dust, float in air, travel as wind-force. If be in fine and dry weather, this kind of case is more severe, can cause additionally one kind of pollution. Accordingly, how to decrease smash the dust in the process, to smash equipment and environment provided a requirement.
Cause plant diseases and insect pests. In straw, especially in corn lever, contain many larval egg and belt bacterium body, smash in the process keep clear of very hard, after soil of the be buried that be buried can grow very quickly, make a kind of hidden trouble of plant diseases and insect pests, these the factor that the aggravating likelihood of year of plant diseases and insect pests also has this side.
Cannot achieve smash standard. After straw returns cropland, can be turned over to soil below, although experts say straw smashs degree is 3.5 centimeters the following, but this cannot be achieved to smash at all in real operation standard, the meeting after soil of the be buried that be buried has very large interstitial presence, make occurrence sky buy, contact is less than the seed of below one stubble the circumstance such as soil, must irrigate instantly, make seed and soil are contacted as soon as possible, otherwise, once appear dry weather, can appear " plant to death " phenomenon.
Straw piles soak to ferment is one of good methods that solve partial problem. Straw caboodle soak is used namely a series of microbial undertake to the organic matter such as crop straw mine changes the course that changes intention with corrupt breed character. Through caboodle soak can make the carbolic nitrogen of organic material compares narrow, the nutrient in organic material gets releasing, the transmission that can reduce egg of the bacteria in compost material, bug and fireweed seed at the same time. Accordingly, the process of become thoroughly decomposed of compost, since of organic matter decompose and again complex process, it is harmless the course that changes processing.
Straw piles soak to need to satisfy 5 requirements
Manipulate a technology
Horn of border district of 1. choice cropland takes water convenient place, dig artificially low make ridge of field, requirement of ridge of field and cropland bank are euqally smooth (can defend water) . Paddy straw piles 1 caboodle every mus commonly (barley, wheat piles 1 caboodle two mus) , one caboodle straw measures about 500 kilograms, cover an area of 6 ～ 7 square metre.
2. straw divides cascade to pile, every 40 centimeters tall, irrigate sufficient moisture (the fluid that use billabong is better) , make straw water content is 60% ～ 70% , scatter use agent of the bacterium that urge corrupt; Every caboodle can fold 4 ～ 5, about one person is tall, show round tubbish lot, need 12.5 kilograms to urge corrupt bacterium agent. The sunken form of coping make it of caboodle, water of facilitating collect moderate rain. After straw builds caboodle to end, enclothe with film (sunken place stiletto) , ensure wet heat preservation with benefit, too dry can water from caboodle top.
3. piles buy commonly 3 ～ begin 5 days to ferment, body of the caboodle after a month enters high temperature to ferment period, average crowd buy 2 ～ 3 months can be basic become thoroughly decomposed (crowd searchs 1 times when caboodle body enters high temperature, outer straw turns over intermediate complemental moisture, ferment at straw with benefit become thoroughly decomposed is even) , when sowing to crop of below one crop, the straw of sufficient become thoroughly decomposed does organic fertilizer to be able to return Tian Li to use, but right amount reduce chemical fertilizer to use an amount.
The requirement that straw compost must satisfy: Basically be moisture, air, temperature, carbon azotic comparing and acid-base value 5 respects.
① moisture. It is the main factor that affects microbial activity and speed of compost become thoroughly decomposed. Caboodle makes material bibulous expand bate hind is easy by microbial decompose, moisture content makes material with taking lot commonly of the largest amount that run water 60% - 75% advisable, grasp compost raw material with the hand, when squeezing a water the most appropriate.
② air. The airy in compost how many, affect microbial activity and organic material directly decompose. Adjust accordingly air, can use accumulation standard is tightened after loosening first, in compost the setting aerates tower and aerate channel, compost surface adds covering to wait.
③ temperature. In compost of all kinds microbial have diverse demand to temperature, disrelish the appropriate temperature with microbial temperament to be commonly 25 - 35 ℃ , good temperament is microbial for 40 - 50 ℃ , the most comfortable temperature is Wen Xingwei biology in 25 - 37 ℃ , high temperature sex is microbial optimum temperature is 60 - 65 ℃ , its activity of more than 65 ℃ suffers restrain. Pile Wenkegen to undertake modulatory according to season, when winter caboodle is made, join dung of ox, sheep, horse, raise lot lukewarm or heat preservation of lute piling a face. When summertime caboodle is made, caboodle is lukewarm rise fast, can break up to pile and add water, reduce lot lukewarm, protect nitrogen with benefit.
④ carbon nitrogen is compared. Suitable carbolic nitrogen is compared (C/N) it is to quicken compost become thoroughly decomposed, avoid to contain carbolic material excessive it is important to use up and promote humus complex one of conditions. High temperature compost basically is raw material with the straw of crop of standing grain corn, its carbon nitrogen compares general 80 - 100: 1, and place of microbial life activity needs carbolic nitrogen to be than making an appointment with 25: 1, that is to say, microbial when resolving organic matter every absorb a nitrogen, need absorb 25 carbon. Carbolic nitrogen compares be more than 25: 1 when, because microbial activity is restricted, organic material is decomposed slow, the azotic element that and decompose comes out is used for microbial itself entirely, active voice nitrogen cannot be released in compost. Carbolic nitrogen compares be less than 25: 1 when, microbial breed is fast, material is decomposed easily, can release effective nitrogen, also be helpful for the formation of humus. Accordingly, nitrogen of gramineous straw carbon is wider, when caboodle makes, answer to go to carbolic nitrogen than adjusting 30 - 50: 1 advisable. Join commonly be equivalent to compost material the night soil of 20% or 1% - the azotic element chemical fertilizer of 2% , in order to satisfy microbial the need to azotic element, quicken the become thoroughly decomposed of compost.
⑤ acid-base value (PH) . Microbial the take action inside the soda acid limits with can be in certain only. Neutral of most microbial requirement comes inside compost small alkalescent soda acid environment (PH6.4-8.1) , the most comfortable PH is 7.5. Middling of process piling corrupt produces all sorts of organic acid, create acidity environment, affect microbial progenitive activity. So, when caboodle is made, should join right amount (the 2%-3% of straw weight) lime or plant ash, in order to adjust acid-base value. The calcium superphosphate that uses certain amount can promote compost become thoroughly decomposed.
1, common compost law:
① selects site. The choice is apart from fountainhead closer, carry convenient place, ground of visual field of compost bulk size and material how many and calm. Beat the ground solid, work fine land at on bottom shop one next, again above spread a not mincing crop stalk to regard as aerate bed (thick about 26 centimeters) .
② handles straw. Organic matter material waits in straw of the layer on the bed, every thick about 20 centimeters, chase a layer to irrigate night soil (fall to go up less much) , to assure to aerate inside caboodle, certain distance is pressed before caboodle expects perpendicular insert club, make below with ground surface contact, after lot comes to an end, extract club, the rest of a narrow passage providing the only means of access to a certain place serves as blowhole.
Scale of ③ compost material. Make water of dung of cultivate of straw, person and fine earth deserve to compare for 3: 2: 5, join when burden 2, the calcium magnesium phosphate of 5% mixes caboodle soak, can reduce phosphorous element to secure, make fertilizer efficiency of calcium magnesium phosphate rises apparently.
④ adjustment moisture. It is advisable to grasp material to have droplet goes out with the hand commonly, in compost all around dig deep 30 centimeters, 30 centimeters wide right-and-left channel, cultivate land at all around, avoid mucky fluid prediction of a person's luck in a given year.
⑤ mud seals caboodle. Seal caboodle with mud 3 centimeters or so, should pile body gradually cave in, when the temperature inside caboodle drops slowly, undertake searching crowd, mix the data with brim bad become thoroughly decomposed and inside data even, new pile, if discover material has white mycelial body to appear, should right amount add water, had sealed with mud afresh next, wait for the impaction when achieving half become thoroughly decomposed sealed and stand-by.
The mark of ⑥ compost become thoroughly decomposed. The color of straw of the crop when complete become thoroughly decomposed is black Brown to puce, straw very soft or blending posse, plant incomplete put oneself in another's position is not clear, compost of the grab that use a hand squeezes a juice, after filter goes out colorless have a stink.
2, law of compost of fast corrupt agent:
① selects site. The choice is apart from fountainhead closer, carry convenient place, ground of visual field of compost bulk size and material how many and calm. If choose level ground, should be in all around base gives 30 centimeters tall earth a low bank of earth between fields, run in case water.
② handles straw. Divide a layer commonly, one, 2 each are thick 60 centimeters, three-layer is thick 40 centimeters, even ground goes up to scatter with three-layer between layer and layer on the mixture of agent of straw become thoroughly decomposed and urea, from bottom to top is the dosage of agent of straw become thoroughly decomposed and urea mixture 4: 4: 2. Pile wide general requirement to be 1.6, 2 meters, crowd is fast 1, 1.6 meters, more or less is length mixed with material field size and calm, sludge is used after caboodle is good (or filmy) severe. 20, 25 days can decay use, and quality is good, effective nutrient content is high.
③ is used makings and deserve to compare. Match agent of become thoroughly decomposed of 1 kilogram of straw by 1 ton of straw (be like " 301 " agent of spirit of stalk of bacterium agent, corrupt, chemical accelerate the ripening, " HEM " bacterium of bacterium agent, ferment) , deserve to apply 5 kilograms of urea again (or 200, the night soil of 300 kilograms of become thoroughly decomposed) , in order to satisfy microbial the azotic element that ferments place needs, reasonable adjust carbolic nitrogen to compare.
④ adjustment moisture. Before caboodle is made, use straw soak, the scale of dry straw and water is commonly 1: 1.8, make the water content of straw is achieved 60% , 70% , it is advisable to grasp material to have droplet goes out with the hand commonly, this is the key of compost success or failure.
⑤ mud seals caboodle. Seal caboodle with mud 3 centimeters or so, should pile body gradually cave in, when the temperature inside caboodle drops slowly, undertake searching crowd, mix the data with brim bad become thoroughly decomposed and inside data equably, new pile, maintain water content, had sealed with mud afresh next, the impaction when waiting for half become thoroughly decomposed is sealed and stand-by.
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