Achieve formerly: Shi Shu
Editor's note
World War II " hump course " carry for goods and materials of Chinese war of resistance against aggression provided support of powerful goods and materials. On this course, air force in all loss plane 563, sacrifice and the personnel that be missing amount to 1579 people, and Chinese sacrifice air man 168 people, its 100 transport early or late the loss amounts to 48, loss late is adjacent 50% .
It is " World War II " during in course of 3 famous international (it is course of Alaska course, Beijing University West twice additionally) a when have dangerous sex most, also be world war airborne history on duration the longest, condition is the most difficult, give the airborne line with the biggest cost.
"Hump course " why be like this danger?
Sincerely with this article to
Air man of Sino-US two countries in those days feat greeting
One
"Hump course " why open up?
When China erupts in war of resistance against aggression, basically have 4 external traffic transit.
The first, classics Hong Kong, pass railroad or marine go to Guangzhou, repass another name for Guangdong Province Chinese railroad goes to China the transit road of hinterland.
The 2nd, classics Vietnam sea prevents harbor, jump over railroad through another name for Yunnan Province, to the carriage circuitry of Yunnan Kunming.
The 3rd, classics Vietnam sea prevents harbor, enter Guangxi through highway close south the town, to the carriage course of Nanning.
The 4th, be in through Russia the haven of far east, will many goods and materials carries Chinese Xinjiang, repass northwest highway transportation arrives Lanzhou, xi'an.
Chinese War of Resistance Against Japan is entered in May 1942, the Japanese army cuts off highway of remote of another name for Yunnan Province line of last onshore traffic of this war China. Delegate of Sino-US on June 2, 1942 two countries was signed in Washington " Sino-US and counteractive aggressive coadjutant agreement " (also say " agreement of Sino-US and rental main body " ) , china becomes the recipient country of rental agreement formally, this is " hump " the diplomatic setting when course open up.
Sino-US and rental agreement is a when Sino-US both sides reachs pull by hand that has great sense China agreement. This one agreement with bilateral coadjutant form, obtain the United States for Chinese free already a large amount of military affairs aid provided sufficient legal basis, stipulated China must be offerred to the United States again " answer benefit to lease " compulsory. In the meantime, the agreement is in the 5th in the rental goods and materials that shows China is used up in war of resistance against aggression actually is need not, also cannot remand. Because of this this one agreement sign, make China becomes the recipient country of American rental goods and materials formally, also indicating at the same time the United States becomes later stage of war of resistance against aggression the mainest country of aid China.
Original, american aid China goods and materials basically is to pass those who be set in the United States " goods and materials of Chinese national defence supplies a company " (China Defence Supply Co. ) establish with national government " southwest carries total part " of place administer " highway of remote of another name for Yunnan Province " come to what battalion carries. But capture as the Japanese army Burmese, "Highway of remote of another name for Yunnan Province " be cut off, american aid China the battalion carry of goods and materials is cut off.
The Luo Sifu that American president assumes when gives orders: At all costs, open Chinese line! Then " hump course " be born!
The open up with hump true course person and main hold one of flying units: Chinese airline
Two
Have go having the dead course that answer
Course has state of Mu of Indian A Sa on the west, multitude the Himalayas of over or across, high eastwards the river of tribute hill, traverse hill, Sa Erwen river, angry river, billows dark blue, Jin Shajiang, Yunnan that enters China and Sichuan, pass strategic goods and materials airborne transfer and other places of city of guest of Kunming, appropriate, Lu, Chongqing, run to fight day of front again. The mountain peak with whole course tremendous way is continuous rise and fall, shape is like hump, get a name from this " hump course " .
This line is first the line austral test-fly, from lowing river of A Sa Mu -- new back is foreign -- Mizhina -- protect hill -- Chu Xiong -- Kunming, height of course lowest safety 4267 meters. Before long, because be in in the sky of Burmese Mizhina by the Japanese army intercept, resist the transport in the sky with weak ability is forced north moves, the flying confidential that is fully loaded with battle goods and materials flies across average height above sea level the foot of mountain austral the Himalayas of 6000 meters of above, course exceeds 700 miles. This is affection of the one be in danger in an air man eye, be sure to have go to those who answer notting have " dead course " .
Take the air line, wear world highest peak by force
1945, after World War II ends, the United States " times weekly " such descriptive hump course: In be as long as between glacier of peak of the deep mountain valleys of 800 more than kilometer, snow, scattering all the way these plane fragments, in good in weather fine time, these are aluminous a meeting below sunshine illuminate bright bright gives off light, this is hump course another notorious name: "Aluminous cereal " !
Up to now, still countless planes relic scatters between clough
"Hump is airborne " in, crash is normal. Whole 3 years airborne in, have the prang of 1500 above in all, sacrificial air man 3000 people above.
Carry total fleet according to American army aviation " hump " course combination carries total fleet for nothing " hump " course combination deploy searchs rescuing case (CONSOL IDATED DIS-POSITIONSEARCH AND RESCUE CASES) the not complete count of the file: "Hump " course loss plane 563 (among them 107 is wear to be missing) , losing unit staff exceeds 1500 people. This number still does not include plane of Chinese airline losing and personnel. Commanding officer of group of aviation of army of United States of period of Second World War is magisterial Arnaud's general (General Henry Arnold) once had said, "Hump " course is one of airborne moves with the greatest World War II, the loss late of the plane exceeds the plane loss late when bomb Germany. When spatio-temporal carry the plane loss late of total fleet is as high as 20-30% , and the loss late of the plane of Chinese airline exceeded 50% , that is to say all loss of many 90 plane many 50.
Three
Hump: Have hardly but the flat of crash
This line is main neither one is OK the flat of crash, because be a high mountain entirely on the way close forest with great river.
Fly all the way, have smooth till Li Jiangcai. Minority wood of Song Dai surnames system of appointing national minority hereditary headmen in the Yuan, used this flat to build famous beautiful Jianggu wall namely! But till 1936 American explorer made an appointment with Sefu Lock to just discover Li Jiang is a flat that suits a plane to descend quite, and drive the plane descends in hilly area of suburban a level off.
After Pearl Harbor start shooting, below Lock's proposal, national government costs material resources of vast labor power, built beautiful river airport. Li Jiang is almost insular at that time, rely on ability of a train of horses carrying goods to carry a few goods and materials only. Beautiful river airport falls in foot of jade dragon snow mountain, of jade dragon snow mountain " fan is steep " also by the U.S. Army's air man praise for " the argent navigation mark of fair pyramid formula " .
Li Jiang is apart from Kunming 500 kilometers, become boreal line hump an important change trains airport. In span during the the Himalayas, if the plane crashs to do not have method naturally, but if the airlines can fly to Li Jiang constrainedly, can be in beautiful river airport to tighten urgent crash, need not continue to fly 500 kilometers.
But, even if is beautiful river height above sea level also has 2000 many meters, altitude of sideways jade dragon snow mountain is many meters 4000.
"Hump course " start: India
Four
Harsh weather: Strong air current, frozen with the rainstorm
"Hump " course not only landform is arduous and complex, still can weighs the the most abominable, most terrible climate on the world, weather is the main reason that restricts airborne amount from beginning to end.
The flight is the war of field and one weather. "Hump " course is located in Eurasia 3 big strong air current are handed in roundly collect a place. From west between the Tibet of tend of the Himalayas of low pressure edge that come and India " hump " , undertake be bumpinged intensely with the warm wet high-pressure group that comes from Bengal bay and the low pressure group that come from Siberia cold current. Accordingly, "Hump " the main feature of weather is often the crosswind of kilometer of rainstorm, violent onflow, horary 160-240 and serious freezing.
Sometimes, climate is hurried change makes the horizontal flight of the plane is affected, can make goods bumps bulkhead, be swung to give a plane even. Freeze badly be out of shape wing pressing sometimes, make the plane drops thousands of feet.
Solemn and stirring flight
They did not answer the buffer of this kind of circumstance, unit member can pray only wing won't break off, but sometimes this is not effective. Is group of American army aviation airborne a wing in imprinting commander Edward? Alexander (Edward H.Alexander) Lieutenant Colonel ever wrote in the report: "The climate here is very terrible. Be in 12000 feet (about 3658 meters) height begins to freeze. Today, appearance of a C-87 shows already flew to 29500 feet (about 8992 meters) height, and cannot fly again tall, cannot fly to great cloud above.
Fly across hump course to should be in originally fine undertake by day, but to increase traffic, no matter why be planted,weather airlines flies 24 hours in sky. This increased traffic really, but higher crash rate also is " aluminous cereal " cause of formation.
Five
The transport with limited ability
At first, carriage job gives birth to type by the develop of C-47(DC-3) hold the position of. It can embark the jeep that 24 people perhaps had assembled perhaps weighs the wounded and 3 nurses 14 times.
In principle, the flight height of plane lowest cannot under course above of highest mountain peak 600 meters. But in hump course, this does not do. Because do not have cabin pressurization device, the airlines can fly 10000 feet only (about 3000 meters) tall. But go up in this course, not under 12000 feet (about 3600 meters) mountain peak, the person of all aboard needs to wear aerobic veil.
Edge flash attracts the air man of oxygen through tube
Later, c-47 is replaced by C-46. C-46 uses 4 engine configuration, make it flies higher faster while, embarking volume also rose. C-46 used the distinctive Si Yi that wear dimension, this kind of wing is thicker, can provide bigger lift. Nevertheless, as a result of frozen problem, the airlines still cannot fly too high, can resemble a stone falling down from the sky euqally otherwise.
Final, douglas C-54 replaced C-46, . C-54 is had decuple the embarking ability at C-47, can fly 4000 miles (about 6400 kilometre) far 22000 feet (about 6700 meters) tall. But do not have pressure boost device as before, restricted the flight height when embarking personnel.
The plane navigational aid at that time is relatively backward, rely on simple radio navigation and computative navigation, lack detailed air route picture to consult. When emergency, rely on VFR completely even (visual flight condition) .
The leading role of hump course: Douglas DC3 transport (also call C47 for military use conveyor)
Sino-US aviation group goes there and back at India to reach China Yunnan, Sichuan, total flight time adds up to about 1.5 million hours, it is the dimensions on the world the biggest, bridge of the strategy in the sky with the longest time, the airborne action when only Berlin blocked 1949 exceeded it on airfreight quantity.
Annual is airborne 1942 the goods and materials that goes to China only 5258 tons, enter increase somewhat after 1943. In July 1945 " hump " the lunar empty volume of course, reach record-breaking highest peak 71042 tons. Of the same age on November 30, "Hump " airborne and official end.
According to statistic, come from April 1942 in November 1945, ministry of transport of group of American army aviation and airborne ministry by " hump " the goods and materials that course goes to China from Indian carry shares 650 thousand tons about, total value restrains 780 million dollar.
The altogether on 30 monument that fight memorial hall of day aviation martyr in Nanjing is imprinting the name of more than 3300 martyr, among them about 2/3 is American, most sacrifice is on hump course.
1998, city of Yunnan angry river held water to build what give priority to body with C-53 crashing debris, memorial hall of course of angry river hump.
Sino-US between still have project of a collaboration accordingly: Archives and remains are turned over. Sacrifice of a lot of air man is on highland, because air temperature is very low even snow is all the year round is not changed, so although went a few years, a lot of remains still are saved good. China is the closest these year, still land add add discovers remains, give with the name of the department of defense next American department of defense, send a hero to come home.
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4, channel of CCTV military affairs.
5, courtyard of division of Kunming city company.
