Science and debate of a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties: Far-reaching to Chinese min

Beautiful of article ｜ Li Jia

Arrive from Feburary 1923 nearly two years of time of the end of the year are medium 1924, chinese mind extent produced a far-reaching debate, the debate basically spreads out around science and a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties, the science that be called and debate of a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties, also be said humanness gives birth to view debate at the same time, this final develop is the debate division school, black school and the idea that materialist conception of history appoints 3 big groups are controversial, the controversy involves philosophical domain, thought culture field not only, still involved the contrast of thing thought culture at the same time, for our understanding the thing society culture of 229 time offers 20 centuries the model for painting that deepness analyses.

1919, chinese Europe investigation group is in Paris group photo, the member includes Jiang Baili (before left 2) , Liang Qichao (before left 3) , Zhang Jun Mai (before left

This debate is inchoative make a speech at what Zhang Jun Mai was in Tsinghua university on Feburary 14, 1923, the theme that makes a speech this is philosophy, basically be right in scientific creed " science is all-purpose " the thought offers criticism, speech word is published at subsequently " Tsinghua weekly " the 272nd period. Mr Zhang Mai thinks science and philosophy are disparate, science is objective, be material, send result thing resemble in all, control for place of rule of cause and effect, science but from analytic method proceed with; And philosophy is subjective, be about spirit, result is instinctive, have the oneness of character, it is freewill. Be in " I " in reaching devotional relation with material of surname of cognation, different, belongings, society, outside, all be with " I " for the center. From the point of the manner to thing culture, mr Zhang Mai thinks Chinese civilization is spiritual civilization, it is need by emblazon; And western civilization is corporeal civilization, look in Zhang Jun Mai, corporeal civilization of the west has major flaw, think its fail to solve philosophy problem, brought about a the First World War then. After the speech word of Mr Zhang Mai is published, the compose of river of rocksy fourth article that early in the morning lifeworks with supporting science to be " a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties and science -- the philosophy that judges Zhang Jun Mai " one article, criticize the point of view of Zhang Jun Mai, this article was published at on April 12, 1923 subsequently " hard weekly " , division incredible controversy erupts from this.

Ding Wenjiang the viewpoint for Mai of denounce Zhang Jun, from philosophy whether break up with science, build the science on empiricism and foundation of logistic principle principle wisdom knowledge is talked, 3 dimension spend the history that comes out scientificly independently from inside philosophy analysis, think the philosophy of Zhang Jun Mai does not escape to give scientific range, point out piece of Jun Maidui is science, right then European civilization and the misunderstanding to Chinese spiritual civilization, criticize piece of Jun Maiwei " ghost of a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties " add a body, point out a basis finally of the times appeal to beg, should admitting the biggest liability and need is the issue that uses scientific method to the person go up. Of Ding Wenjiang refute what drew Zhang Jun Mai again subsequently to strike back, mr Zhang Mai is written again civil " talk philosophy and science again and answer Ding Zaijun " , publish at Beijing " morning paper supplement " , this article replied from 12 respects Ding Wenjiang's elenchus.

Ding Wenjiang, the word is in gentleman, jiangsu peaceful starts a person, famous rocksy and social activist

The debate lasts to 1923 all the time the end of the year, scientific group and black school rise collect of his viewpoint and achievement, in order to publish the significant gain that the form of books regards a debate as, two cliques all published collected works in December 1923, scientific group was published " science and philosophy " one book, incoming dispatches 29, add Chen Duxiu, Hu Kuo again two foreword; Black school is published " the debate of philosophy " one book, this book incoming dispatches 30, add piece of Jun Maixu again, the system capacity of two books can say is have equal shares, but the viewpoint opposes completely. Two cliques are inducted in the engage in a battle on the thought entered new content, send scientificly especially " science and philosophy " the view that expressed scientific group not only, still rolled out another on Chinese modern mind main group at the same time, namely Marxism " materialist conception of history is sent " . Its indicate is Chen Duxiu thinks " science and philosophy " of the order that one book does and the Hu Kuo with income of the place in the book " answer Mr Chen Duxiu " the debate that two articles place launchs, visible, the publication of collected works is not the end of the debate, be in however of thought domain deepen further.

Right now scientific creed tendency and photograph of materialist conception of history are united in wedlock, scientific group got the support of the Marxist, the influence of scientific group and force are more powerful. The Marxism school that sends interior of result division school (also can be being called is clique of materialist conception of history) , the later period in the debate is two cliques spread out Xiang Kexuan to criticize at the same time actually, it is from Chen Duxiu and Hu Kuo " science and philosophy " the foreword of one book compose can see, the Marxist is black both sides put forward pair of divisions to criticize at first, among them, chen Duxiu criticized the philosophy of Zhang Jun Mai and Fan Shoukang, criticized Liang Qichao affection to excel scientific point of view; To scientific group, chen Duxiu criticized Ding Wenjiang's idealism, the development that points out the world is decided by corporeal foundation, only corporeal foundation ability controls philosophy, ability explains the history. Hu Kuo's materialist conception of history accumulate those who be contained at him to put forward is famous " Hu Kuo 10 commandment " in, hu Kuo unscrambled phenomenon of philosophy, psychology, morality from biology, physics, geological, psychological, sociological angle the phenomenon such as manage teaching.

Tsinghua country learns the teacher group photo of the academy, 4 people take before from left to right ordinal hold the post of for Li Ji, regnal dimension, Liang Qichao and Zhao Yuan, 3 people are the person that back row stands

Other Marxist is opposite the earliest the family is black what two cliques put forward formally to criticize is Deng Zhongxia and Qu Qiu Bai, deng Zhongxia was in on November 24, 1923 " Chinese youth " the 6th period those who publish " China present mind extent " one article drew the outline of Chinese mind extent clearly the pattern of 3 sufficient tripartite balance of forces, the class belligerence that pointed out a debate is qualitative, analysed materialist conception of history and the similarities and differences that send scientificly, think clique of materialist conception of history and division school are in do not have according to respect of method of science, technology 2 send, what differ exclusively is clique of materialist conception of history is holding to economic base to decide this get on superstructure more complete and determined. On January 26, 1924, deng Zhongxia is in " Chinese youth " the 15th period on publish " the associated battlefront problem of mind extent " , point out scientific group and clique of materialist conception of history to should rise jointly clique of meet head-on a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Qu Qiu Bai was in on December 20, 1923 " new young person " quarterly publication the 2nd period publish " free world and inevitable world -- Mai of refute Zhang Jun " , article is here medium, qu Qiu Bai analysed freedom and inevitable impact, the indeterminism that refuted a philosophical sect in the Wei and Jin dynasties is sent. Its the 2nd article " experiment creed and revolutionary philosophy " published in on August 1, 1924 " new young person " quarterly publication the 3rd period, this article basically is the experimental creed that criticizes Hu Kuo, point out, experimental creed is not complete science, the Marxism just is real science, can saying even is revolutionary philosophy.

Chen Duxiu was written on May 25, 1924 civil " Da Zhangjun Mai and Liang Ren are fair " , published at on August 1, 1924 " new young person " the 3rd period, the philosophy that criticized Mr Zhang Mai and bridge open the misunderstanding that exceeds pair of Marxisms. The Xiao Chu daughter of in addition scientific group was in in August 1924 " new construction " the 2nd the 2nd period on publish " Kuomintang and extent of idea of the closest home " one article, point out Oriental culture style and spiritual civilization faction oppose science, object corporeal civilization, opposing industry is a kind babyish backward viewpoint. 1924 7, after August, although division incredible controversy has neared end, but still a few is publish about the paper of scientific controversy, be like Xie Guopan " the philosophy that judges Wu Zhihui " , of Chen Daji " judge philosophy and science slightly agonistic, hold the general effect that judges by morality concurrently quality " , of Zhang Yan sea " philosophy debate Yu Ping " etc.