Answer this question, as good as at uncovering interior scar oneself, but, forget national humiliation suddenly, know act vigorously to enter therefore. Bravery comes out of the feeling of shame, remember these national humiliation that Qing Ting leaves to the Chinese well, be beneficial to enhance ethical dignity, be beneficial to powerful nation to enrich the people, realize Chinese dream.
From first time the Opium War, razzia to the Eight Power Allied Force Beijing, qing Ting is forced with western big powers (include Japan) signed numerous unequal treaty in all.
Differentiate by time:
Sign after first time the Opium War have: Sino-British " Nanjing treaty " (sign) , Sino-British " tiger door treaty " (sign) , Sino-US " treaty visitting a tall building " (sign) , Sino-French " Huang Pu treaty " (sign) .
Sign the 2nd times after the Opium War have: Sino-British " Tianjin treaty " (sign) , Sino-French " Tianjin treaty " (sign) , in presently " Ai Hui treaty " (sign) , in presently " Tianjin treaty " (1858 hind signed on June 13) , Sino-US " Tianjin treaty " (1858 after signed on June 18)
Armour midday signs after Sino-Japanese war have: Sino-Japanese " the horse involves pact " (sign) , Sino-Japanese " hand in accept the pact austral distant " (sign) , " in Russian secret agreement " (sign) , " treaty of sail a boat of Sino-Japanese have trade relations " (sign) , " medium heart glue bay concession treaty " .
Sign after war of the Eight Power Allied Force have: " Xin Chou treaty " (, clear government and flower, 11 countries sign beautiful, Russia, heart, day, law, meaning, Spain, Austria, Holand, Belgium) , " Tibet of Sino-British renew one's subscription imprints treaty (sign) .
Differentiate by content:
So-called unequal treaty, it is western big powers and Japan force Chinese war is sequential, treaty basically includes reparations, cede territory, fall avoid custom duty, exterritorial etc.
1. Warlike reparations
Sino-British " Nanjing treaty " China is compensated for 21 million, sino-British " Tianjin treaty " China compensates for British silver four million and two, sino-French " Tianjin treaty " China compensates for French silver two million and two, sino-British " Beijing treaty " China increases reparations eight million and two, sino-French " Beijing treaty " China increases reparations for eight million and two, sino-Japanese " the horse involves pact " military expenditure of Chinese compensation Japan two hundred million and two, " Xin Chou treaty " compensate for 11 countries in all one billion four hundred and thirty-five million four hundred and forty-seven thousand four hundred and twenty-six (pay off minute years, annual interest 4 li, principal and interest is total amount to nine) .
2. Cede territory
Sino-British " Nanjing treaty " alienation Chinese domanial Hong Kong, in presently " Ai Hui treaty " the Xing Anling outside Chinese general with south, Heilongjiang alienations with big territory of north Russian, the Chinese land that the of great capacity reachs to the south of the Wusuli River changes by in Russian condominium, " in trade agreement of Pu become reconciled " allow Portuguese always be stationed in Macao, in presently " Yi Li treaty " the China that contends for region of Yi Li river is domanial, sino-Japanese " the horse involves pact " Taiwan of Japanese forcibly occupy, the Penghu Islands and distant east peninsula
3. Unilateral is exterritorial (include consular judgment to counterpoise)
Sino-French " Tianjin treaty " French man-of-war can be in treaty port anchor, sino-French " Beijing treaty " hold the post of French missionary to be hired in each province buy land, build as one pleases, in presently " Tianjin treaty " allow in China to set consul, send man-of-war to be in treaty port anchor, " Xin Chou treaty " Beijing east hand in civilian alley to delimit for area of foreign diplomatic mission, the Chinese forbids to live.
4. Have trade relations, open treaty port
Sino-British " Nanjing treaty " 5 place haven of Chinese open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ning Bo, Shanghai, sino-US " treaty visitting a tall building " allow haven of have trade relations of China of discrepancy of American man-of-war freedom, sino-British " Tianjin treaty " add Nanjing, station south, the nine treaty port such as Chinese mouth, 9 rivers, british merchantman can be in the Yangtse River each come-and-go, sino-French " Tianjin treaty " French man-of-war can be in treaty port anchor, in presently " Tianjin treaty " allow Russia to be south Shanghai, Ning Bo, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, stage, city fining jade 7 have trade relations, sino-British " Beijing treaty " open Tianjin to be commercial port, sino-British " Yantai treaty " add lake of Yichang, overgrown with weeds, Wen Zhou, the North sea to be treaty port, england can enter Tibet via and other places of Gansu Province, Qinghai, Sichuan, turn go to India; Can enter Tibet by India, sino-French " conference brachylogy treaty " border land is jumped over to open port have trade relations in allowing to be in, sino-Japanese " the horse involves pact " open sand city, Chongqing, Suzhou, Hangzhou is commercial port, allow Japanese to set consulate and shop in as sb like of each treaty port.
5. Agreement custom duty
Sino-British " Nanjing treaty " depress China custom duty, the regulation imports tax rate 5% , sino-British " Yantai treaty " concession avoids gold of a unit of monthly interest rate of money receiving ocean, reduce import tax.
Sign from first time the Opium War " Nanjing treaty " begin, sign to the Eight Power Allied Force " Xin Chou treaty " till, china reduces semi-colony step by step semi-feudal society. During this, china is big territory loses the hand at big powers, the concession that the foreigner installs in Chinese churchyard was become " country China " , these unequal treaties left record a demerit to be achieved gravenly in the depth of the heart of Chinese people painful!
