As the famous general that fight an old name for Japan, why to have with respect to busy after borde

China has an adage: "Battle of be apt to person without illustrious result! "Battle of be apt to person without illustrious result!!

After border area of the guard on smooth north of afterwards of relative of the famous general that fight an old name for Japan although what obtain notable combat gains, but not be incompetent absolutely.

Grand celebrates the first year of an era or the reign of an emperor (1567) , to the Wu Shilai in the thing the proposal moves Yu Dayou of the famous general that fight an old name for Japan and Qi Jiguang to north to train soldier of setose thiste door. Finally,

After Qi Jiguang arrives at setose thiste to press down, discovered setose thiste town is mixed immediately other what press down each is different. Setose thiste town is Beijing division close Ji rear, cannot resemble on the strategy other each town undertakes defending striking back in that way, must hold back menace in side wall besides, make important place thing capital city and its environs does not suffer annoy. Additional, be continuous more than 2000 lis line of defence, also make Ming Jun can be defeated with all one's strength to battle with inferior position military strength only normally the Mongolia main force that involve. Visible, the tactical demand that setose thiste presses down Ming Jun is defence sex above all, and the chariot of weapon nothing is more... than that provides defense power most. Then, qi Jiguang found Yu Dayou, fall in its help, built oneself car battalion unit.

Arrived Qi Jiguang times, bright generation chariot has developed evolved about a hundred years, because of this car make type each are not identical. After Qi Jiguang assumes a post, undertake unity to the property of chariot instantly. He used Yu Dayou above all side car, namely the chariot with defence advanced protective screen. Soon, qi Jiguang to enhance the defence efficiency of car battalion, used defence protective screen to be in of a side slant side car.

Every chariot of Qi Jiguang deploys 20 soldiers, cent is, strange two teams, every team 10 people. Hold those who make chariot to be arms group, it is team of an army suddenly appearing from nowhere along with what the car fights. On the work out, a chariot is called; Every 4 are one bureau, set 100 always; Every 4 bureaus are one department, set one one or two always; Every 4 department are, set 1000 always; Every 2 are one battalion, set a high-ranking military officer; Mutual chariot 128, 2603 people of officers and soldiers. 128 slant new-styly side car join rises, can allow car run " all of all directions travel is like a wall " , become stronghold of a woodiness. But light has fortification to still be no good, the Ming Jun that often is in military strength inferior position wants to beat be good at riding the Mongolia horse that shoot, need more exuberant projectile firepower naturally.

Car battalion of Qi Jiguang and what differ before is a large number of equipment new-style firearm. The first kind of when Qi Jiguang equips new-style firearm is harquebus, namely bird Chong. This is European a kind of when bring new-style firearm. Fine pacify the first year of an era or the reign of an emperor (1522) Ming Jun is in with the Portuguese on the west in the battle of careless bay, with respect to experience of this kind of firearm fierce, a large number of equipment begin later. For instance, jia Jing 37 years (1558) , ming Jun installed Chong of bird of 10 thousand lever with respect to the row at a heat. Ming Jun's harquebus is multi-purpose at the beginning at water battle, just equip gradually later Ming Jun's army.

The advantage of this kind of new-style firearm depends on body canal growing, initial velocity is tall, accuracy is tall. For instance, the experimental result that bright person shoots board with its is " hole and do not crack " , qi Jiguang evaluates for: "Bird Chong long shot and accurate " . Want here special carry accuracy this problem. Bird Chong serves as musket, accuracy nature is inferior to the line chamber gun later. But the bird Chong at that time had had the post that aim at, and can be worn shoot on bracket. Pattern of this kind of fire is clear excel bow, the soldier is very easy begin, become skilled archer. And bow can connect outstanding back muscle only, finger buckles arrow strength, and the pose of archery will assure accuracy perceptually. Additional, the bow pulling force of contemporary toxophilite is 449 pounds mostly, and the pulling force with the mainest bend of battle of bright generation for military use has 60 jins, conversion has been close to 80 pounds into pound number. It is the bend of intensity of archery of a person of wide knowledge and sound scholarship of this kind of Yuan Chaopu, just also be surely " next force " . In Ming Jun's system, 889 jins bend is weighed for " in force " , 120 jins Gong Wei " go up force " , more than 120 jins bend is called " tiger force " . So eligible bow hand must pass rigorous training, this brings about bow hand to train periodic meeting again very endless, so that two generation set Song Ming large quantities of the bow hand that civilian bow company will come to foster qualification. On the other hand, on battlefield, bow hand is very easy also fatigue. A bit most crucial, face have defended cause, of bird Chong kill and wound aftereffect arrow of apparently strong also Yu Gong. For instance Qi Jiguang evaluates: "And enemy become with firm armour, often shoot cannot enter. Often shoot cannot enter..

(bird Chong is graphic)

But this kind of new-style firearm, what northward at that time Ming Jun uses is not much however, the bird Chong that northward craftsman makes is mostly unture also. After because of light of this relative afterwards thistle of go to one's post is pressed down before long, the Zhejiang old ministry with respect to him recruit of Xiang Chaoting requirement 10 thousand people, will act as the coach that setose thiste presses down Bian Jun, train other north by the boreal army of law of ability of hep bird Chong again army. It is it is thus clear that before Qi Jiguang, this kind of firearm basically is equipment of southern Ming Jun, it is Qi Jiguang applies his at northward frontier defence in great quantities above all.

(The percussion look mechanism of bird Chong)

Nevertheless bird Chong also has its inferior position. If what Qi Jiguang says: "Bird Chong although fast accurate and force is small, hard drive group. " go up in Campagna, only by bird Chong fusillade, be impossible to withstand the assault of Mongolia cavalry. So, actually the firepower core of battalion of relative afterwards smooth car is another kind of new-style firearm -- wolf machine Chong, namely Buddha bright machine big gun, light-duty gun is held after a kind of long canal. Every car deploys Chong of two wolves machine among car battalion, every deploy nine stature Chong, gunpowder 30 jins, lead plays 100 hair. The basis is computative, one hair lead plays place to need gunpowder to be 0.3 jins, for 178.5g. The length of this kind of artillery is in 5 feet (1.6 meters) to 7 feet (2.24 meters) between, caliber a inch 6 minutes, add up to 51.2mm. Computative its lead makes bullet weight be controlled in 740g about, namely bullet weight is about bright make 1.25 jins (1.6 pounds) the left and right sides. Its cannon-shot is in a li superabundant (576 meters of above) , 100 paces (160 meters) in can see clearly forces, power of this artillery piece is not little it is thus clear that, enough is besides bow cannon-shot, cause terrible casualties to Mongolia cavalry.

(not bright machine Chong)

Overall and character, battalion of relative afterwards smooth car is it is main and projectile firepower with wolf machine Chong and bird Chong. Of every chariot in arms group, the car is providing banner gun one lever, broadsword, be in charge of leading whole vehicle fight; Helm is versed in, provide chariot way only; Boring palladium hand two, divide outside taking palladium of one handle boring oneself, additionally each match 60 to have a rocket; Buddha bright machine hand 6, every 3 people are in charge of operating Chong of machine of a wolf. Header of an army suddenly appearing from nowhere, the gun that run a division and broadsword each one, direct whole group to fight; Bird Chong hand 4, equipment 3 money play heavy harquebus (caliber makes an appointment with 13mm) , each 300 hair ammo, both hands deserves to grow a knife outside, cane shield hand two people, cane shield one side, broadsword, lapidation alls alone. Boring palladium hand 2 people, with hand of palladium of arms group boring is operable rocket, additional igneous arms one person, the club that place a knife.

With enemy receive battle the tactics when is: If Mongolia sergeant is provoked with tens of cavalry, ming Jun does not grant to respond to. Develop 50 conditions till Mongolia greater part (80 meters) when the distance, all sorts of firearm just blast off together, kill and wound enemy group. If Mongolia top catchs fire,force rushs to be apart from chariot when one a unit of length is only far, team of an army suddenly appearing from nowhere develops the valve that leaves at the car, with enemy fight hand-to-hand. At the appointed time, team of an army suddenly appearing from nowhere labels the platoon 4, the first sergeant holds both hands knife, belly, the long knife in using a hand goes stump is hostile equestrian leg; The 2nd sergeant holds the bar that place a knife, stroke is chopped equestrian leg and fall equestrian enemy; The 34th sergeant holds palladium of spear, boring, stamp thorn falls horse and the enemy that still go up in the horse. Team of an army suddenly appearing from nowhere is farthermost must not leave chariot 5 paces, and if effort is spent, should retreat carriage return quickly inside. When in an army suddenly appearing from nowhere the team undertakes fight hand-to-hand, still the soldier is relied on slant the woodiness female wall on side car will continue to shoot, will squelch the enemy and covering one's own side. Can see, when fight, the Ming Jun command system in car battalion is each other stagger, however each other cooperate, this also accords with gimmick of Qi Jiguang's consistent resort to arms.

According to computation, car battalion is all firearm, fusillade, share 768 hair artillery shell and cartridge, the bullet projects the quantity can achieve nearly 200 kilograms. This goes up in 80 meters distance, will cause very terrible kill and wound the effect. Besides, in car battalion commander straightforward command falls, still have 4 the door is inapproachable imperatorial artillery piece and 4 rockets vehicle. Inapproachable imperatorial artillery piece is Buddha artillery of the outfit after bright type, "Sideswipe more than 20 a unit of length (64 meters of above) , can the hole is numerous " . It is thus clear that main purpose is concussion of group of suppress Mongolia cavalry, used the pattern that gives priority to with canister fire. This artillery piece blasts off use 4 jins of powder, iron makes canister 365 hair, marble sends heal up; Or need not marble and backfill 500 hair canister. This model artillery provides 30 hair ammunition, 4 aggregate 120 hair. Car battalion commander can need according to battlefield environment, to 20 to 80 a unit of length, namely on the battlefront that 64~256 rice controls, shoot 366 hair (Chong of bill of single artillery piece) ~6000 is sent (4 artillery piece 3 child Chong is installed beforehand annulus put) bullet. Above density of this kind of firepower, if apply proper, can feed-in brings extremely heavy loss into the enemy inside effective cannon-shot, enough disintegrate the large-scale cavalry assault of level of 10 thousand people. Can say, face such fire, a lot of moment do not need team of an army suddenly appearing from nowhere to throw fight hand-to-hand.

Chinese strategics all along strange positive of put up with is depended on. Car battalion serves as formidable blast, the front is greeted enemy, it is namely on strategics. Qi Jiguang's squadron and pace military camp are an army suddenly appearing from nowhere. He is with car battalion in army, the pace rides piece of both wings, found give a very typical car situation to ride combination to make battle way.

Qi Jiguang's squadron, for 12 people covey, 3 teams one banner, 3 banners one bureau, 4 bureaus manage, two department, 3 are one battalion. Next officers and soldiers on whole camp are 3000 people about. Two or so every team sets captain one person, hold broadsword bow, cent is controlled 2 five; Two associate with grow bird Chong hand, deploy bird Chong and both hands to grow a knife; Fast gunman two, each hold fast gun one lever; Boring palladium hand two, deploy boring palladium and rocket; Knife rod hand two, deploy knife rod and bow; Igneous arms, be in charge of this group rear service. Mid every department each team sets the first bureau captain, match bow arrow broadsword; Bird Chong hand 8, both hands of Chong matching a bird grows a knife; Boring palladium hand 3, match boring palladium rocket. Header of the 2nd the 3rd bureau, match bow arrow broadsword; Gong Qibing 4, outside dividing bow, each match broadsword one handle; Billhook spearmans 4, each billhook gun one lever, bow a pair; Boring palladium hand two, each hold boring palladium rocket.

Squadron issues 60 to in all the tiger crouchs prepare Chinese medicine by roasting it in a panbig gun on whole camp, ammo 1800 hair, launch a diameter to make an appointment with 2 inches of marble to be sent every time, canister 30 hair (heavy 9) or 100 hair (3 money are the following) . Harquebus 540, fast gun 360 lever, the ammo all is every to raise 300 hair. Bow 1152 pairs, every deputy arrow arrow 30, still have a rocket in addition 12920.

Can see by the configuration of cavalry, whole camp 18 bureaus, special it is those who ride battle only, only and mid 4 bureaus, 22% what take whole camp total minitary force only, other configuration of each bureau weapon is pace battle place to use more. Especially its squadron carries carbine of 648 pairs of refus, in training right-and-left ministry is discontinue pace battle, surround with refus carbine camping ground, boring palladium hand is advanced, knife rod hand is in hind, second for fast gunman, bird Chong hand is after, horses is igneous arms guard. This squadron says with its is cavalry, more resembling is equestrian dogface, with horses motor-driven, battle is given priority to with pace battle. And spear was not configured in this squadron, the longest enginery is boring palladium only, whole camp soldier divides igneous arms outside, deployed long-range weapon entirely, the average per capita besides firearm hand matchs bow. Can see from here, this squadron is given priority to as long-range blow firepower.

Dogface battalion structure and squadron are identical, it is 12 people covey together, distribute killer team and Chong hand line. Killer group team leader, banner gun one lever, broadsword, bow a pair; Cane shield hand two, one side of each cane shield, broadsword, wolf Xian hand two, two handles of wolf Xian; Spear hand two, each spear one lever, bow; Boring palladium hand two, each boring palladium one lever, rocket 30; Hand of big stick-means of intimidation two, each big stick-means of intimidation, bow a pair; Igneous arms. Gun of banner of team leader of Chong hand group one lever, broadsword one handle, bow a pair; Bird Chong hand 10, each hold harquebus one lever, both hands grows a knife; Igneous arms. Dogface battalion is very outstanding also on long-range weapon, whole camp has harquebus 1080 lever, firearm hand takes measure of whole camp soldiers 50% , this scale is on the world at that time can says luxurious and advanced.

Carrying many gunpowder lead to play nevertheless wait to fight heavily after goods and materials, commissariat carried a quantity to assure hard. For instance both hands of pace battalion soldier grows a knife 2 jins 79, bird Chong 5, 6 jins, gunpowder 6 jins, lead plays 6 jins, only the weapon loads already amounted to 20 jins, make an appointment with 12kg, if calculate,calculate again on the content such as armature, had carried more army provisions very hard. Then Qi Jiguang founded designedly battalion of supplies and gear of an army in order to carry army provisions. Battalion of this supplies and gear of an army is actually will army provisions divides an one battalion alone, convoy with car battalion, so that at following army fights. Battalion of supplies and gear of an army has Chong of machine of 160 Buddha wolf along with the car, 640 harquebus, whole camp still has quite strong fire, can repel small Mongolia cavalry easily. Can serve as even rely on, when car battalion fails to arrive in time, cooperate the squadron with stronger maneuverability and pace military camp to undertake striking back fighting.

(Ming Jun opens Yuan Gong)

Give the car run that has force of extremely strong defense and exuberant fire besides the work out, outside riding battalion of battalion, pace battalion, supplies and gear of an army, qi Jiguang still takes military training seriously extremely. Relative afterwards is for instance smooth when bow of read and revise, requirement archer is apart from target 80 paces (128 meters) far, target is tall 6 feet (about 1.8 meters) , wide 2 feet (about 60 centimeters) , 3 hair 2 in, just be outstanding. When hand of Chong of bird of read and revise, requirement archer is apart from target 80 paces, target is tall 5 feet (about 1.5 meters) , wide 2 feet, lowermost standard is 3 hair one in, 10 hair 7 in for admirable. System of relevant rewards and punishment is very rigid also. For instance after hand of Chong of bird of read and revise, according to final result, 3 hair are only medium the person of one hair is not admired do not punish; The two hair in 3 hair, admire silver one minute; The person that hits entirely, admire silver 5 minutes; Did not go up the person of target, want to make 3 army rods. Be hit the person of army rod, when read and revise undertaking again later, another sends bos, make 6 rods; The 3rd times another of read and revise sends bos, make 9 rods; Arrive the 5th times or send bos, be about to make 40 army rods, in enlisting, remove sb's name from the rolls. Do not be willing to endure beater, punish silver 5 li, punish a minute the 2nd times, punish the 3rd times one. Gong Nu's rewards and punishments and bird Chong are identical.

Additional, qi Jiguang is special still notice adjust measures to local conditions. He puts forward: Make army implement when, need not let the Ministry of Works in feudal China be dialed, need to will be made only army implement task division of labor is saved to each can. Among them, fujian is good at building a knife, dial cutting tool by Fujian; Zhejiang arrogate to oneself builds bird Chong, chariot, so that produce the specialty with each respective province with all one's strength.

(place troops on garrison duty of battalion of car of setose thiste town pursues)

Anyhow, rectify solely through relative afterwards, the appearance with setose thiste military garrison post gets very big change. Liu Yingjie weighs the governor at that time: "Premier Qi Mou, civil and military holds concurrently endowment, photograph of ability and insight closes, oath is numerous contribute unripe newspaper advocate, essence of life faithful can a string of 1000 cash light; Treat arms criterion to turn to be infirmly strong, training is moved really ghosts and gods.

Arrived the first year of an era or the reign of an emperor of 10 thousand all previous (1573) Feburary, arrived to first time test of Qi Jiguang. , mongolia cavalry is entered make child cereal, qi Jiguang hears the news send Guan Jun cut to kill made Mongolia army, obtain small get the better of. Of the same age April, mongolia cavalry enters mouth of mountain making a peach-shaped thing, be beaten by Qi Jiguang again. Later on May 20 the battle of bound mountain mouth, mongolia cacique direct fox, wait for a person hard to enter town making setose thiste only, qi Jiguang leads divide forces of guerrilla warfare king thing cross board at the rear of an ancient carriage to greet enemy. After a big fight, mongolia military strength cannot be raised flee, its cacique direct the fox is captured by Mingjun almost.

10 thousand all previous 3 years (1576) the first month of the lunar year, mongolia neckline of Yan Wei head is bald inbreak Dong Jia mouth shuts a city. Relative afterwards light leads Ming Jun to give a place of strategic importance from two ground of Yu wood, Dong Guan, pursuit Mongolia army more than 150 lis, the mark of its general army hold captive of Li Yun survival long bald.

This in succession time the victory gets bright empire agrees up and down reputably, car battalion system of Qi Jiguang gets be admissived extensively. He equiped in all early or late 7 cars battalion, decorate chariot 1239, built corresponding defense system, setose thiste is pressed down from Qi Jiguang later by fair the army town that thinks 9 edges are the most powerful.

The person at that time so the merit that evaluates Qi Jiguang: "Captive counts bitter thistle north, repair today inside fully, not battle and its plan attack, namely stratocracy does not have place tax meritorious service, its result criterion before last also. " namely place of Bing Shengsun fierce says " battle of be apt to person without illustrious result " .